Impact of Antibiotic Consumption on Antimicrobial Resistance to Invasive Hospital Pathogens
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
Correlation between Antibiotic Consumption and Resistance Rate
3. Discussion
Correlation between Antibiotic Consumption and Bacterial Resistance Rates
4. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Consumption of J01 Antibacterials in DDD/1000 Inhabitants per Day | CAGR a | Linear Regression Analysis | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | Β | β | P | ||
Total J01 | 21.3 | 22.7 | 26.6 | 29.2 | 34.5 | 10.13% | 3.290 | 0.982 | 0.003 |
J01CE_% | 0.3866 | 0.3340 | 0.27386 | 0.13180 | 0.10214 | −23.37% | −0.077 | −0.979 | 0.004 |
J01CR_% | 9.3360 | 11.2451 | 13.7970 | 9.6052 | 10.0541 | 1.49% | −0.020 | −0.018 | 0.978 |
J01DD + DE_% | 7.1499 | 8.2317 | 7.7851 | 10.9696 | 16.3513 | 17.92% | 2.114 | 0.882 | 0.047 |
J01DH_% | 0.2759 | 0.2689 | 0.2720 | 0.36904 | 0.55181 | 14.87% | 0.065 | 0.847 | 0.070 |
J01MA_% | 14.8300 | 15.2420 | 12.5994 | 15.6842 | 19.4388 | 5.56% | 0.966 | 0.618 | 0.267 |
J01_B/N% | 10.5190 | 24.8976 | 14.4870 | 21.4297 | 22.2950 | 16.22% | 2.008 | 0.530 | 0.358 |
Components of Amoxicillin Index | DDD/1 000 Inhabitants per Day (% of Total Oral J01) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
Amoxicillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin | 4.251818 | 3.996629 | 4.94175 | 3.457339 | 3.930705 |
Total oral J01 consumption | 21.33367 | 22.75571 | 26.56083 | 29.15946 | 34.47042 |
The amoxicillin index % | 19.93% | 17.56% | 18.61% | 11.86% | 11.40% |
No. | 2017 Antibiotic DID (%) | 2018 Antibiotic DID (%) | 2019 Antibiotic DID (%) | 2020 Antibiotic DID (%) | 2021 Antibiotic DID (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Amoxicillin 4.25 (20%) | Amoxicillin 4 (18%) | Amoxicillin 4.94 (19%) | Azithromycin 6.23 (21%) | Azithromycin 5.20 (15%) |
2 | Cephalexin 2.36 (11%) | Azithromycin 2.59 (11%) | Amoxicillin; clavulanic acid 3.66 (14%) | Amoxicillin 3.46 (12%) | Levofloxacin 4.49 (13%) |
3 | Amoxicillin; clavulanic acid 1.98 (9%) | Amoxicillin; clavulanic acid 2.56 (11%) | Azithromycin 2.84 (11%) | Amoxicillin; clavulanic acid 2.79 (10%) | Cefixime 4.18 (12%) |
4 | Ciprofloxacin 1.62 (8%) | Clarithromycin 1.69 (7%) | Cephalexin 2.29 (9%) | Levofloxacin 2.68 (9%) | Amoxicillin 3.93 (11%) |
5 | Doxycycline 1.36 (6%) | Ciprofloxacin 1.68 (7%) | Clarithromycin 1.65 (6%) | Cefixime 2.32 (8%) | Amoxicillin; clavulanic acid 3.46 (10%) |
6 | Azithromycin 1.36 (6%) | Doxycycline 1.64 (7%) | Ciprofloxacin 1.6 (6%) | Cephalexin 2.01 (7%) | Doxycycline 1.96 (6%) |
7 | Levofloxacin 1.25 (6%) | Levofloxacin 1.48 (7%) | Levofloxacin 1.5 (6%) | Doxycycline 1.98 (7%) | Cephalexin 1.85 (5%) |
8 | Clarithromycin 1.1 (5%) | Cefixime 1.30 (6%) | Doxycycline 1.47 (6%) | Ciprofloxacin 1.48 (5%) | Ciprofloxacin 1.75 (5%) |
9 | Cefixime 0.98 (5%) | Cephalexin 1.16 (5%) | Cefixime 1.4 (5%) | Clarithromycin 1.29 (4%) | Clarithromycin 1.46 (4%) |
10 | Sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim 0.78 (4%) | Sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim 0.71 (3%) | Sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim 0.92 (3%) | Sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim 0.82 (3%) | Ceftriaxone 1.13 (3%) |
%MDR Isolates of Total Number of Isolated Bacteria per Years | Linear Regression Analysis | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacteria | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | Β | β | P |
K. pneumoniae | 64.3 | 58.6 | 65.1 | 69.2 | 71.7 | 2.540 | 0.799 | 0.107 |
E. coli | 20.7 | 17.0 | 13.1 | 14.5 | 18.8 | −0.630 | −0.322 | 0.597 |
P. aeruginosa | 51.2 | 56.0 | 56.4 | 61.4 | 53.3 | 0.960 | 0.395 | 0.510 |
Acinetobacter spp. | 91.8 | 91.7 | 90.2 | 95.9 | 95.6 | 1.180 | 0.730 | 0.161 |
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Medic, D.; Bozic Cvijan, B.; Bajcetic, M. Impact of Antibiotic Consumption on Antimicrobial Resistance to Invasive Hospital Pathogens. Antibiotics 2023, 12, 259. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020259
Medic D, Bozic Cvijan B, Bajcetic M. Impact of Antibiotic Consumption on Antimicrobial Resistance to Invasive Hospital Pathogens. Antibiotics. 2023; 12(2):259. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020259
Chicago/Turabian StyleMedic, Deana, Bojana Bozic Cvijan, and Milica Bajcetic. 2023. "Impact of Antibiotic Consumption on Antimicrobial Resistance to Invasive Hospital Pathogens" Antibiotics 12, no. 2: 259. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020259