Co-Application of Tetramycin and Matrine Improves Resistance of Kiwifruit against Soft Rot Disease and Enhances Its Quality and Amino Acids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Pathogens, Fungicides and Culture Medium
2.2. Field Control Experiment Site
2.3. In Vitro Toxicity Tests of Tetramycin and Botanical Fungicides
2.4. Field Control Experiment of Soft Rot Disease of Kiwifruit
2.5. Investigation of Control Effect of Soft Rot Disease in Kiwifruit Fruits
2.6. Investigation of Resistance, Growth, Quality and Amino Acids of Kiwifruit Fruits
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Toxicity of Tetramycin and Botanical Fungicides against Soft Rot Pathogens
3.2. Control Effects of Tetramycin and Matrine against Soft Rot Disease of Kiwifruit
3.3. Effects of Tetramycin and Matrine on Resistance Parameters of Kiwifruit Fruits
3.4. Effects of Tetramycin and Matrine on Growth and Quality of Kiwifruit Fruits
3.5. Effects of Tetramycin and Matrine on Amino Acids of Kiwifruit Fruits
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fungicides | Dosage Forms | Manufactures | Manufacture Sites |
---|---|---|---|
0.3% Tetramycin | Aqueous solutions (AS) | Microke Biological Engineering Co. Ltd. | Liaoning, China |
0.5% Matrine | AS | Xinghe Crop Science and Technology Co. Ltd. | Shandong, China |
0.3% Eugenol | Soluble liquid (SL) | Baoding Yada Chemical Co. Ltd. | Hebei, China |
1.0% Osthole | Emulsion in water (EW) | Suke Agrochemical Co. Ltd. | Jiangsu, China |
80% Ethylicin | Emulsifiable concentrate (EC) | Kebang Chemical Co. Ltd. | Henan, China |
0.5% Physcion | AS | Qingyuanbao Biological Technology Co. Ltd. | Neimenggu, China |
0.5% Berberine | AS | Wante Biochemical Co. Ltd. | Hebei, China |
Parameters | Content | Parameters | Content |
---|---|---|---|
Organic matter | 35.63 g kg−1 | Exchangeable calcium | 18.09 cmol kg−1 |
Total nitrogen | 1.43 g kg−1 | Exchangeable magnesium | 312.67 mg kg−1 |
Total phosphorus | 1.71 g kg−1 | Available zinc | 0.81 mg kg−1 |
Total potassium | 1.15 g kg−1 | Available iron | 31.54 mg kg−1 |
Alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen | 98.75 mg kg−1 | Available manganese | 18.68 mg kg−1 |
Available phosphorus | 7.31 mg kg−1 | Available boron | 0.15 mg kg−1 |
Available potassium | 1.83 mg kg−1 | pH | 5.93 |
Pathogens | Fungicides | Regression Equation | Determination Coefficient (R2) | EC50 (mg kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
B. Dothidea RF-1 | 0.3% Tetramycin AS | y = 6.076 + 1.251x | 0.996 | 0.143 |
0.5% Matrine AS | y = 5.422 + 1.191x | 0.978 | 0.442 | |
0.3% Eugenol SL | y = 5.365 + 2.180x | 0.991 | 0.680 | |
1.0% Osthole EW | y = 4.201 + 0.628x | 0.981 | 18.752 | |
80% Ethylicin EC | y = 2.065 + 1.522x | 0.993 | 84.745 | |
0.5% Physcion AS | y = 2.858 + 1.086x | 0.971 | 93.919 | |
0.5% Berberine AS | y = 4.100 + 0.287x | 0.943 | 1362.110 | |
Phomopsis sp. RF-2 | 0.3% Tetramycin AS | y = 1.151 + 9.360x | 0.997 | 0.094 |
0.5% Matrine AS | y = 5.925 + 1.882x | 0.923 | 0.332 | |
0.3% Eugenol SL | y = 5.710 + 1.360x | 0.997 | 0.301 | |
1.0% Osthole EW | y = 3.178 + 1.290x | 0.996 | 25.847 | |
80% Ethylicin EC | y = 3.139 + 1.174x | 0.953 | 38.521 | |
0.5% Physcion AS | y = 4.117 + 0.502x | 0.991 | 57.205 | |
0.5% Berberine AS | y = 3.533 + 0.614x | 0.991 | 244.928 |
Treatments | Incidence Rate of Disease Fruits (%) | Control Effects (%) |
---|---|---|
Tetramycin + Matrine Tetramycin | 9.78 ± 1.39 cC | 82.68 ± 2.46 aA |
14.00 ± 2.00 bBC | 75.19 ± 3.54 bAB | |
Matrine | 17.78 ± 2.14 bB | 68.50 ± 3.80 cB |
Control | 56.44 ± 3.01 aA |
Treatments | Diameter (mm) | Fruit Shape Index | Single Fruit Volume (cm3) | Single Fruit Weight (g) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Longitudinal | Transverse | Lateral | ||||
Tetramycin + Matrine Tetramycin | 76.89 ± 0.31 a | 52.98 ± 0.50 a | 42.64 ± 0.24 a | 1.61 ± 0.00 a | 72.72 ± 1.00 a | 91.81 ± 0.59 a |
76.68 ± 0.22 a | 52.68 ± 0.43 a | 41.86 ± 0.52 a | 1.62 ± 0.01 a | 70.79 ± 0.81 ab | 90.42 ± 0.86 ab | |
Matrine | 76.14 ± 0.46 a | 52.05 ± 0.51 a | 41.97 ± 0.28 a | 1.62 ± 0.01 a | 69.64 ± 1.09 ab | 89.72 ± 0.73 bc |
Control | 76.10 ± 0.56 a | 52.03 ± 0.30 a | 41.59 ± 0.24 a | 1.63 ± 0.01 a | 68.95 ± 1.12 b | 88.93 ± 1.06 c |
Treatments | Vitamin C (g kg−1) | Total Soluble Sugar (%) | Soluble Solid (%) | Dry Matter (%) | Titratable Acidity (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tetramycin + Matrine Tetramycin | 1.90 ± 0.02 a | 12.62 ± 0.06 a | 15.50 ± 0.10 a | 19.68 ± 0.11 a | 1.05 ± 0.01 b |
1.87 ± 0.02 ab | 12.40 ± 0.10 ab | 15.27 ± 0.15 a | 19.37 ± 0.19 ab | 1.12 ± 0.04 a | |
Matrine | 1.87 ± 0.01 ab | 12.61 ± 0.05 a | 15.17 ± 0.15 a | 19.34 ± 0.17 ab | 1.09 ± 0.02 ab |
Control | 1.85 ± 0.01 b | 12.10 ± 0.08 b | 14.70 ± 0.10 b | 18.98 ± 0.14 b | 1.11 ± 0.03 a |
Amino Acids (g kg−1) | Tetramycin + Matrine | Tetramycin | Matrine | Control |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aspartic | 0.89 | 0.83 | 0.86 | 0.83 |
Glutamate | 1.85 | 1.84 | 1.85 | 1.79 |
Cystine | 0.97 | 0.93 | 0.96 | 0.97 |
Serine | 0.80 | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.76 |
Glycine | 0.77 | 0.65 | 0.76 | 0.75 |
Histidine | 0.69 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.66 |
Arginine | 1.44 | 1.38 | 1.41 | 1.35 |
Threonine | 0.45 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.47 |
Alanine | 0.76 | 0.68 | 0.74 | 0.67 |
Proline | 1.25 | 1.28 | 1.26 | 1.29 |
Tyrosine | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.67 |
Valine | 0.65 | 0.60 | 0.65 | 0.64 |
Methionine | 0.57 | 0.63 | 0.57 | 0.58 |
Isoleucine | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.58 |
Leucine | 0.65 | 0.59 | 0.57 | 0.58 |
Phenylalanine | 0.74 | 0.70 | 0.72 | 0.68 |
Lysine | 0.94 | 0.85 | 0.88 | 0.87 |
Sweet amino acids | 4.72 ± 0.01 a | 4.53 ± 0.04 b | 4.69 ± 0.05 a | 4.60 ± 0.04 b |
Flavor amino acids | 3.68 ± 0.03 a | 3.51 ± 0.03 c | 3.58 ± 0.01 b | 3.49 ± 0.01 c |
Bitter amino acids | 3.92 ± 0.08 a | 3.81 ± 0.04 ab | 3.78 ± 0.01 bc | 3.73 ± 0.04 c |
Aromatic amino acids | 2.37 ± 0.03 a | 2.31 ± 0.08 a | 2.36 ± 0.03 a | 2.32 ± 0.01 a |
Essential amino acids | 4.61 ± 0.07 a | 4.45 ± 0.07 b | 4.45 ± 0.03 b | 4.41 ± 0.03 b |
Nonessential amino acids | 8.83 ± 0.04 a | 8.42 ± 0.04 c | 8.70 ± 0.04 b | 8.45 ± 0.04 c |
Total amino acids | 14.69 ± 0.05 a | 14.16 ± 0.10 b | 14.42 ± 0.08 ab | 14.15 ± 0.04 b |
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Zhang, C.; Li, W.; Long, Y.; Su, Y.; Zhang, Q. Co-Application of Tetramycin and Matrine Improves Resistance of Kiwifruit against Soft Rot Disease and Enhances Its Quality and Amino Acids. Antibiotics 2022, 11, 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050671
Zhang C, Li W, Long Y, Su Y, Zhang Q. Co-Application of Tetramycin and Matrine Improves Resistance of Kiwifruit against Soft Rot Disease and Enhances Its Quality and Amino Acids. Antibiotics. 2022; 11(5):671. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050671
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Cheng, Wenzhi Li, Youhua Long, Yue Su, and Qinghai Zhang. 2022. "Co-Application of Tetramycin and Matrine Improves Resistance of Kiwifruit against Soft Rot Disease and Enhances Its Quality and Amino Acids" Antibiotics 11, no. 5: 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050671