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Antibiotics
Volume 11
Issue 5
10.3390/antibiotics11050632
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Article

Elevated Rates of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia and COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Critically Ill Patients with SARS-CoV2 Infection in the Second Wave: A Retrospective Chart Review

by
Sean Boyd
1,*,
Kai Sheng Loh
1,
Jessie Lynch
1,
Dhari Alrashed
1,
Saad Muzzammil
1,
Hannah Marsh
1,
Mustafa Masoud
1,
Salman Bin Ihsan
1 and
Ignacio Martin-Loeches
1,2,3
1
Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), St James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
2
Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, DN02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
3
Pulmonary Intensive Care Unit, Respiratory Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, CIBERes, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antibiotics 2022, 11(5), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050632
Submission received: 10 April 2022 / Revised: 3 May 2022 / Accepted: 4 May 2022 / Published: 7 May 2022
Versions Notes

Abstract

Due to multiple risk factors, the rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill COVID-19 patients has been reported in a range of 7.6% to 86%. The rate of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in this cohort has been reported at 4% to 30%. We undertook a retrospective chart review of 276 patients who were admitted to intensive care in a large university hospital. The period studied included patients from 23 February 2014 to 12 May 2021. Four groups were collected: COVID-19 Wave 1, COVID-19 Wave 2, influenza, and community-acquired pneumonia. Clinical characteristics, outcomes, and microbiological cultures were recorded. The incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in COVID-19 Wave 1, COVID-19 Wave 2, influenza, and community-acquired pneumonia was 5.45%, 27.40%, 16.67%, and 3.41%, respectively (p < 0.001). The rate of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis was 0%, 9.59%, 13.33%, and 6.82%, respectively (p < 0.001). A significantly elevated rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis was noted in the second wave of COVID-19 when compared to the first. This was accompanied by an increase in the mortality rate. Increased steroid use was an independent risk factor for ventilator-associated pneumonia and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis across all four groups. Despite an increased understanding of this disease, no clinical trials have shown any promising therapeutic options at present.
Keywords: ICU; COVID-19; influenza; community-acquired pneumonia; VAP; IPA; CAPA; Aspergillus ICU; COVID-19; influenza; community-acquired pneumonia; VAP; IPA; CAPA; Aspergillus

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Boyd, S.; Sheng Loh, K.; Lynch, J.; Alrashed, D.; Muzzammil, S.; Marsh, H.; Masoud, M.; Bin Ihsan, S.; Martin-Loeches, I. Elevated Rates of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia and COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Critically Ill Patients with SARS-CoV2 Infection in the Second Wave: A Retrospective Chart Review. Antibiotics 2022, 11, 632. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050632

AMA Style

Boyd S, Sheng Loh K, Lynch J, Alrashed D, Muzzammil S, Marsh H, Masoud M, Bin Ihsan S, Martin-Loeches I. Elevated Rates of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia and COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Critically Ill Patients with SARS-CoV2 Infection in the Second Wave: A Retrospective Chart Review. Antibiotics. 2022; 11(5):632. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050632

Chicago/Turabian Style

Boyd, Sean, Kai Sheng Loh, Jessie Lynch, Dhari Alrashed, Saad Muzzammil, Hannah Marsh, Mustafa Masoud, Salman Bin Ihsan, and Ignacio Martin-Loeches. 2022. "Elevated Rates of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia and COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Critically Ill Patients with SARS-CoV2 Infection in the Second Wave: A Retrospective Chart Review" Antibiotics 11, no. 5: 632. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050632

APA Style

Boyd, S., Sheng Loh, K., Lynch, J., Alrashed, D., Muzzammil, S., Marsh, H., Masoud, M., Bin Ihsan, S., & Martin-Loeches, I. (2022). Elevated Rates of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia and COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Critically Ill Patients with SARS-CoV2 Infection in the Second Wave: A Retrospective Chart Review. Antibiotics, 11(5), 632. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050632

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