Efficacy of Novel Bacteriophages against Escherichia coli Biofilms on Stainless Steel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Biofilm Formation Ability of E. coli Strains
2.2. Biofilm Development Curve
2.3. Bacteriophages Isolation and Characterization
2.4. Biofilm Reduction Efficacy of Bacteriophages
2.5. Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Bacterial Strains
4.2. Characterization of the Strains’ Biofilm-Forming Ability
4.2.1. Production of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS)
4.2.2. Semiquantitative Adherence Assay
4.3. Biofilm Formation on Stainless Steel
4.3.1. Biofilm Quantification
4.3.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy
4.4. Bacteriophage Isolation
4.4.1. Phage Host Range
4.4.2. Phage Morphology Determined by Transmission Electron Microscopy
4.5. Biofilm Exposure to Bacteriophages
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bacterial Strain | Adherence Assay | Phenotype CRA b | |
---|---|---|---|
OD (λ = 570) | Adhesion Ability a | ||
MGA-EC-01 | 0.076 ± 0.008 | Null | EPS producer |
MGA-EC-02 | 0.073 ± 0.008 | Null | EPS producer |
MGA-EC-08 | 0.066 ± 0.004 | Null | EPS producer |
MGA-EC-21 | 0.095 ± 0.021 | Weak | EPS producer |
MGA-EC-23 | 0.067 ± 0.005 | Null | EPS producer |
MGA-EC-25 | 0.898 ± 0.113 | Strong | EPS producer |
MGA-EC-26 | 0.093 ± 0.026 | Null | EPS producer |
MGA-EC-27 | 0.968 ± 0.042 | Strong | EPS producer |
MGA-EC-28 | 0.071 ± 0.007 | Null | EPS producer |
MGA-EC-30 | 0.062 ± 0.001 | Null | EPS producer |
ATCC BAA-1430 | 0.074 ± 0.003 | Null | EPS producer |
ATCC 11303 | 0.174 ± 0.018 | Weak | EPS producer |
Phage Strain | Morphology a | Source | Host Range (MGA-EC Strains) b | Plaque Diameter c | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
01 | 02 | 08 | 21 | 23 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 30 | ||||
PL-01 | Podovirus | Poultry liver | - | ± | ± | ++ | - | ++ | - | ++ | - | - | 3 mm |
GB-02 | Podovirus | Ground beef | ± | - | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | 4 mm |
GB-03 | Podovirus | Ground beef | ± | - | - | ++ | - | ++ | - | ++ | - | ± | 3.5 mm |
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González-Gómez, J.P.; González-Torres, B.; Guerrero-Medina, P.J.; López-Cuevas, O.; Chaidez, C.; Avila-Novoa, M.G.; Gutiérrez-Lomelí, M. Efficacy of Novel Bacteriophages against Escherichia coli Biofilms on Stainless Steel. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101150
González-Gómez JP, González-Torres B, Guerrero-Medina PJ, López-Cuevas O, Chaidez C, Avila-Novoa MG, Gutiérrez-Lomelí M. Efficacy of Novel Bacteriophages against Escherichia coli Biofilms on Stainless Steel. Antibiotics. 2021; 10(10):1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101150
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzález-Gómez, Jean Pierre, Berenice González-Torres, Pedro Javier Guerrero-Medina, Osvaldo López-Cuevas, Cristóbal Chaidez, María Guadalupe Avila-Novoa, and Melesio Gutiérrez-Lomelí. 2021. "Efficacy of Novel Bacteriophages against Escherichia coli Biofilms on Stainless Steel" Antibiotics 10, no. 10: 1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101150