Different Aspects of the Voltammetric Detection of Vitamins: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Vitamins
2.1. Characterization of the Electrochemical Behavior of Vitamins
2.1.1. Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Voltammetric Properties of Vitamin A (Retinol)
Voltammetric Properties of Vitamin D
Voltammetric Properties of Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol)
Voltammetric Properties of Vitamin K
2.1.2. Water-Soluble Vitamins
Voltammetric Properties of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Voltammetric Properties of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Voltammetric Properties of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Voltammetric Properties of Vitamin B3 (Niacin/Nicotinic acid)
Voltammetric Properties of Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
Voltammetric Properties of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Voltammetric Properties of Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
Voltammetric Properties of Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)
Voltammetric Properties of Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
3. Vitamin Analysis Using Electroanalytical Techniques
3.1. Fat-Soluble Vitamins
3.1.1. Vitamin A
3.1.2. Vitamin D
3.1.3. Vitamin E
3.1.4. Vitamin K
3.2. Water-Soluble Vitamins
3.2.1. Vitamin C
3.2.2. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
3.2.3. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
3.2.4. Vitamin B3 (Nicotinic Acid/Niacin)
3.2.5. Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
3.2.6. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
3.2.7. Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
3.2.8. Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)
3.2.9. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fat-Soluble Vitamins | |||
Groups | Vitamers | Dietary Sources | Biological Functions or Reactions |
Vitamin A | Retinol Retinal Retinoic acid Provitamins: (β-carotene, cryptoxanthin) | Green, yellow, orange plant tissues (fruits and vegetables; carotenoids), milk, red meat, eggs, poultry meat, fatty fish and shellfish, margarine, breast milk, production from intestine-adapted mutant strain E. Coli [1] | Regulation of epithelial cell differentiation Photosensitive retinal pigment |
Vitamin D | Cholecalciferol (D3) Ergocalciferol (D2) | Ergocalciferol: plants, fungi, molds, lichens, brates (snails, worms), mushrooms. Cholecalciferol: animal tissues, fish liver and oils, fatty fishes, eggs, chicken, beef, pork, plants of the family Solaneceae, enriched food oils [1] | Calcium homeostasis Bone metabolism (calcium mobilization) Transcription factor |
Vitamin Ε | α-Tocopherol β-Tocopherol γ-Tocopherol | Green plants, plant oils, wheat germ oil, rice bran oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, mayonnaise, almonds, milk and milk products [1] | Antioxidant protector for membranes |
Vitamin Κ | Phylloquinones (Κ1) Menaquinones (Κ2) Menadione (Κ3) | Green leafy vegetables (e.g., spinach, kale, broccoli, Brussels sprouts), vegetable oils, margarine, bacterially fermented foods (e.g., cheese, sauerkraut), poultry and pork products [1] | Blood clotting Calcium metabolism |
Water-Soluble Vitamins | |||
Vitamin C | Ascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic acid | Fruits, vegetables, organ meats (liver, kidney), fresh tea leaves, berries, citrus [1] | Reductant in hydroxylations in the formation of collagen and carnitine and in the metabolism of drugs and steroids |
Vitamin Β1 | Thiamin | Yeasts, liver (especially pork liver), cereal grains, pork, cured ham [1] | Coenzyme for oxidative decarboxylation of 2-keto acids (e.g., pyruvate, 2-keto-glutarate) and for pyruvate decarboxylase and transketolase |
Vitamin Β2 | Riboflavin | Green leafy vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, carrots, spinach], fruits, meat, eggs, dairy products (milk, yogurt, cheese), cereals (wheat, rice, oats) [1] | Coenzyme in redox reactions of fatty acids and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle |
Vitamin Β3 | Niacin Nicotinic acid Nicotinamide | Brewer’s yeast, beans, spinach, tomato, fruit, nuts, eggs, mushrooms, meat, milk [1] | Coenzyme for several dehydrogenases, significant role in the oxygenation of tissues, participates in the metabolism of proteins, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. A component of hydrogen-carrying coenzymes (NAD, NADP) involved in glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, the synthesis of fatty acids |
Vitamin B5 | Pantothenic acid | Meat (liver, heart), mushrooms, avocado, eggs, nuts, broccoli, yeast, rice, peanut flour, molasses, concentrated soluble fish [1] | Coenzyme in fatty acid |
Vitamin B6 | Pyridoxine Pyridoxal Pyridoxamine | Meats, whole grain products (wheat), vegetables (asparagus, beans, cabbage), nuts, cereals, fish [1] | Coenzyme in amino acid |
Vitamin Β7 | Biotin | Royal jelly, brewer’s yeast, milk, liver, egg yolk, vegetables (broccoli, spinach asparagus, carrots, potatoes), fruit, beans, milk, cheese [1] | Coenzyme for carboxylations (e.g., acetyl CoA/malonyl CoA conversion) |
Vitamin B9 | Folate Pteroylglutamic acid Pteroylpolyglutamates | Liver, mushrooms, green leafy vegetables, soybean meal, milk and milk products, yeast, beans, fruits [1] | Coenzyme in single-carbon |
Vitamin B12 | Cyanocobalamin | Fermented foods, liver, dairy products, meat, egg, fish, shellfish, edible algae, mushrooms, fermented soy products, fruits, tea leaves, spinach, broccoli, asparagus, cyanobacteria (spirulina) [1] | Coenzyme in the metabolism of propionate, amino acids, and single-carbon units |
Vitamin | Voltammetric Technique [ab.] | Working Electrode | Sample | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vitamin A | CV | Glassy carbon | Retinol/Vitamin Ε | [60] |
SWV | Carbon paste modified with Pt: Co nanoalloy | Foods | [101] | |
DPV | Carbon paste modified with surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate [CPE/SDS] | - | [102] | |
Vitamin D | SWV | Boron Doped Diamond Electrode | - | [62] |
CV | Glassy carbon | - | [55,61,66,67] | |
CV, DPV | Glassy carbon modified thin synthetic indium-titanium oxide | D2 | [103] | |
DPV | Glassy carbon modified with PANnFs and NPsFe3O4 | D3 | [104] | |
DPV | Glassy carbon ΙTO, modified with Asp-Gd2O3NRs sensor | D3 | [61] | |
CV, DPV | Glassy carbon modified with Ni[OH]2 particles in SiO2/ graphene oxide organic-inorganic matrix | Pharmaceutical | [105] | |
CV | Glassy carbon modified with nanosensor employing fullerene-C60 and bimetallic nanoparticles composite film | Blood | [106] | |
AdSV | Screen-printed carbon coated with MIP and p-phenylenediamine-resorcinol | Real samples | [107] | |
CV, DPV | nCeO2/CC immunosensor | Biological samples | [108] | |
Vitamin Ε | DPV | Planar Pt | Vegetable oils and fats | [55] |
CV, DPV | Au modified with Pan/c-Al2O3 | Food supplements | [109] | |
SWAdSV | Glassy carbon | Vitamins Ε και Κ | [110] | |
SWV | CF disk UME in Bz/EtOH [1:2] | α-, β-, γ-, δ-tocopherols in oil samples | [111] | |
SWAdSV | Glassy carbon | Vitamins Ε and Κ in food supplements | [115] | |
Vitamin Κ | CV | Glassy carbon | - | [115] |
SWAdSV | Glassy carbon | Plant based foods | [116] | |
CV | Glassy carbon | Pharmaceutical Products and Foods | [115,117] | |
CV | Pencil graphite modified with silver nanoparticles and 2-amino-5-chloro benzophenone | Blood plasma | [118] | |
CV, LSV | Glassy carbon modified with PEDOT | Poultry drugs | [119] | |
SWAdSV | Glassy carbon | Vitamins A, D, E, K | [120] | |
Vitamin C | SWV | Carbon paste modified with Fe[III]-Y | - | [88] |
CV | Carbon paste modified with p-tert-butylcalix [4] arene | Commercial Samples | [130] | |
CV, DPV | Carbon paste coated with NPsZnO-Pd | Fruit Juices, creams | [121] | |
CV, DPV | Printed carbon electrode bare and modified with ZnO/Al2O3 | Real samples | [83] | |
DPV | Carbon paste modified with graphene | Pharmaceutical Products | [122] | |
DPV | Carbon paste modified with porphyrins | Pharmaceutical Products | [123] | |
CV | Glassy carbon modified with poly[bromocresol purple] film | - | [124] | |
CV | Glassy carbon modified with poly [3-[5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenylazo]-4, 5-dihydroxynaphthalene-2, 7-disulfonic acid] film | Ascorbic acid in a mixture of substances | [125] | |
CV | Pt coated with iodine | MultiVitamins [B1, B6, B9, B12, C] | [128] | |
CV, DPV | Carbon paste modified with multi-wall carbon nanotubes and graphite | Pharmaceutical formulations και Foods | [129] | |
CV | Carbon paste modified with 2,2′-[1,8-octanediylbisnitriloethylidine]-bis-hydroquinone and tetrabromo-p-benzoquinone | Mixture of ascorbic acid, uric acid and dopamine | [131,132] | |
CV | Glassy carbon modified with H2SO4 | - | [133] | |
CV | Glassy carbon modified with LaFeO3 nanoparticles | - | [134] | |
CV, DPV | Glassy carbon modified with graphene/Pt nanoparticles | - | [135] | |
SWV | Glassy carbon modified with Ni-poly [1,5-diaminonapthalene] nanoparticles | - | [137] | |
DPV | Glassy carbon modified with helical carbon nanotubes | Ascorbic acid, uric acid and dopamine in a bovine foetal serum sample | [136] | |
SWV | Carbon paste modified with multi-wall carbon nanotube | Ascorbic acid, tryptophan, paracetamol | [138] | |
SWV | Carbon paste modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes–chitosan composite film | Ascorbic acid-Rutin | [139] | |
CV | Glassy carbon modified with poly [caffeic acid] | Ascorbic acid and dopamine in Pharmaceutical Products | [140] | |
DPV | Glassy carbon modified with carbon nanotubes | Ascorbic acid, paracetamol | [141] | |
DPV | Carbon paste modified with cetosan-cetylpyridinium bromide | Ascorbic acid and uric acid | [142] | |
LSV | Au modified with dimercaptothiadiazole | - | [143] | |
CV | Carbon paste modified with novel bicopper complex | Ascorbic acid and dpamine in Pharmaceutical Products και Foods | [144] | |
DPV | Au modified with self-assembled Au nanoparticles | Ascorbic acid abd dopamine | [145] | |
DPV, CV | Glassy carbon modified with multiwall carbon nanotubes with nafion | Ascorbic acid, uric acid, epinephrine | [146] | |
DPV, CV | Carbon coated with SiO2/Nb2O5 | - | [147] | |
CV | Carbon paste | Juices | [148] | |
CV | Graphite modified with Manganese dioxide | Juices | [148] | |
LSV | Gold | Juices | [148] | |
DPV | Glassy carbon | Juices and wines | [144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151] | |
DPV | Pt microelectrodes modified with polyvinyl sulfonium and polystyrene sulfonium film | Juices and wines | [149,150,151] | |
DPV, SWV | Glassy carbon | Plants of the Rosa family | [152] | |
SWV | Graphene oxide paste modified with manganese[II] complex | Rosa canina | [153] | |
CV | Carbon paste modified with PM/AuNPs | - | [154] | |
CV, SWV | Microelectrode made from pyrolytic graphite sheet [PGS] | Real samples | [155] | |
DPV | Glassy carbon modified with MXene powder (titanium carbide) | Human urine samples | [193] | |
Vitamin Β1 | AdSV | Carbon paste | - | [89] |
CV | Carbon paste modified with MnPC | - | [89] | |
CV | Platinum | Thiamine Pyrophosphate | [48] | |
AdSV | Glassy carbon modified with Pb2+ film | Pharmaceutical Products and Juices | [156] | |
SWV | Au modified with Cys/SAM | Pharmaceutical formulations | [157] | |
AdSV | Glassy carbon modified with AgLAF-AgSAE | Mixture vitamins B1, B2, C | [44] | |
AdSV | Carbon paste modified with DNA/MWCNT | - | [158] | |
Vitamin Β2 | CV | Optical sensor made of cyclodextrin | Pharmaceutical formulations | [159] |
AdSv | Hg/Bare glassy carbon | Real samples | [160] | |
AdSV | Bare Glassy carbon | Breast milk | [161] | |
ASV | Glassy carbon modified with nanomaterials | - | [162] | |
DPV | Carbon paste modified with Co zeolites | - | [94] | |
CV, DPV, LSV | Glassy carbon modified with ZnO-MnO/CSNs | - | [91] | |
Vitamin Β3 | DPV | Glassy carbon | - | [55] |
CV | Hg/Dropping Hg/Pt | - | [55] | |
CV | Microelectrode graphite paste modified with CoTMPP/Nafion | Syrup | [164] | |
CV | Gold | Pharmaceutical Products | [165,166] | |
ASV | Au modified with thioglycolic acid | Foods | [165,166] | |
Vitamin Β5 | CV, DPV, LSV | Carbon paste modified with cobalt[II]oxide catalyst | D-panthenol | [55] |
SWV | Glassy carbon | Urine | [91] | |
Vitamin Β6 | SWV | Carbon paste modified with ZnO/Cuo | Mixture of vitamins C and Β6 | [93] |
DPV | Au modified with carbon nanotubes | - | [93] | |
DPV | Glassy carbon modified with dsDNA | - | [93] | |
DPV | Disposable printed silk | Foods (Energy drinks, cereals), multivitamins | [167] | |
Vitamin Β7 | SWV | Film biosensor modified with Pd-Fe-Ni NPs | Foods | [168] |
CV, DPV | Diamond with mixture of boron/Nafion | Blood plasma | [169] | |
Vitamin Β9 | CV | Au modified with MBT/SAM film | - | [55] |
CV | Dropping Hg | - | [55] | |
CV | Au modified. with multi-wall carbon nanotube Au/NPs, | - | [97] | |
CV, AdSV | Hg electrode | Folic acid, riboflavin | [182] | |
ASV | Glassy carbon modified. with Pb2+ film | Mixture of ascorbic acid and riboflavin | [183] | |
SWV | Carbon paste modified. with Pt:Co nanomaterials | Pharmaceutical Products, Foods | [170] | |
SWV, CV | Carbon paste modified. with Ru[II]ZnO complex carbon nanotubes | Pharmaceutical Products, Foods | [171] | |
SWV, DPV | Carbon paste modified. with nanomaterials | Pharmaceutical Products, Foods | [172,173] | |
DPV | Carbon paste modified. with polymeric film, TiO2 nanomaterials, magnetite nanoparticles/Au modified with nanomaterials | Pharmaceutical Products, Foods | [174,175,176,177] | |
DPV, CV | Carbon paste modified with carbon nanotubes | Pharmaceutical Products, Foods | [178] | |
ASV | Au modified. with Bi-film, Ag or Hg amalgams | Foods | [177,179,180] | |
CV, DPV | Polymerized tyrosine film on graphite substrate | Pharmaceutical tablets | [181] | |
Vitamin Β12 | DPV | Electrochemical sensor modified. with polypyrrole and PdAu NPs | Blood plasma, Urine | [184] |
CV, DPV | Ferromagnetic nanoparticles from triazine dendrimers [FMNPs@TD] | Foods | [109] | |
CV | Glassy carbon | Injectable Drugs | [185] | |
SWV | Carbon paste modified. with Mg complex film with thiophene-2-carboxylic acid and triethanolamine substituents | Pharmaceutical tablets, Food supplements | [186] | |
AdSV | Carbon paste modified. with [Mn [thiophenyl-2-carboxylic acid]-2 [triethylonamine] polymer and DNA biosensor | Urine samples | [187] | |
CV | Au modified. with mercaptoacetic acid | Pharmaceutical Products | [188] | |
ASV | Disposable carbon mesh modified with bismuth film | Pharmaceutical Products | [189] | |
SWV | Graphite modified with peptide nanotubes | Pharmaceutical Products | [190] | |
SWV | Pencil Graphite modified with carbon nanotube-chitosan | Pharmaceutical Products | [191] | |
CV | Diamond with boron admixture | Food supplements | [192] |
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Kiamiloglou, D.; Girousi, S. Different Aspects of the Voltammetric Detection of Vitamins: A Review. Biosensors 2023, 13, 651. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060651
Kiamiloglou D, Girousi S. Different Aspects of the Voltammetric Detection of Vitamins: A Review. Biosensors. 2023; 13(6):651. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060651
Chicago/Turabian StyleKiamiloglou, Denise, and Stella Girousi. 2023. "Different Aspects of the Voltammetric Detection of Vitamins: A Review" Biosensors 13, no. 6: 651. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060651