Nanomaterials-Based Ion-Imprinted Electrochemical Sensors for Heavy Metal Ions Detection: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Preparation of IIPs
2.1. Preparation Principle of IIPs
2.2. Preparation Methods of IIPs
2.2.1. Bulk Polymerization
2.2.2. Precipitation Polymerization
2.2.3. Suspension Polymerization
2.2.4. Emulsion Polymerization
2.2.5. Surface Imprinting Method
2.3. Preparation of HMIIECSs
2.3.1. Preparation Principle of HMIIECSs
2.3.2. Preparation Methods of HMIIECS
The Direct Method
The Indirect Method
3. Application of Nanomaterials in HMIECSs
3.1. Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
3.1.1. Carbon Nanotube Materials
3.1.2. Graphene Materials
3.1.3. Graphitic Carbonitride Nanomaterials
3.2. Metal Nanomaterials
Gold Nanomaterials
3.3. Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
3.4. Magnetic Ferric Oxide Nanomaterials
3.5. Silica Nanomaterials
4. Conclusions and Future Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
HMIs | Heavy metal ions | MAA | Methacrylic acid |
IIECSs | Ion-imprinted electrochemical sensors | OPD | O-phenylenediamine |
IIPs | Ion-imprinted polymers | AA | Acrylic acid |
WHO | World Health Organization | AM | Acrylamide |
IQ | Intelligence quotient | 4-VP | 4-Vinylpyridine |
SERS | Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy | Py | Pyrrole |
AAS | Atomic absorption spectrometry | ECSs | Electrochemical sensors |
CE | Capillary electrophoresis | CS | Chitosan |
ICP-AES | Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy | NNMBA | N,N′-methylene double acrylamide |
IC-UV-vis | Ion chromatography-ultraviolet vis spectrometry | TPPZ | 2,3,5,6-Tetra(2-pyridyl) pyrazine |
ICP-MS | Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry | MMWCNTs | Magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes |
MP | Microprobe | NPs | Nanoparticles |
XFS | X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy | WE | Working electrodes |
MIPs | Molecularly imprinted polymers | RE | Reference electrodes |
MIECSs | Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors | CE | Counter electrodes |
MIT | Molecular imprinting technique | ISEs | Ion selective electrodes |
HMIIECSs | Heavy metal ions imprinted electrochemical sensors | LOD | Low limit of detection |
CPE | Carbon paste electrode | IIMs | Ion-imprinted membranes |
APA | Allyl phenoxyacetate | Th | Thiophene |
EGDMA | Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate | SCE | Saturated calomel electrode |
AIBN | Azobisisobutyronitrile | CV | Cyclic voltammetry |
CNF | Carbon nanofibers-grafted | DPV | Differential pulse voltammetry |
SEM | Scanning electron microscopy | PPD | P-phenylenediamine |
AAM | Acryl amide | THPP | 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(3-hydroxyphenyl)-porphyrin |
BAAP | Bis-(2-acryloylamino-ethyl)-phosphinic acid | IL | Ionic liquid |
SPCE | Screen-printed carbon electrode | GR | Graphene |
PGE | Pencil graphite electrode | rGO | Reduced graphene oxide |
PC | Poly catechol | GP | Graphite powder |
SPE | Screen printed electrode | EAAP | Ethyl 6-(allyloxy)-2-amino-4-phenyl-4H-benzo[f]chromene-3-carboxylate |
DPC | 1,5-Dipenylcarbazone | ASV | Anodic stripping voltammetry |
CNTs | Carbon nanotubes | DDBHCT | 2,2’-(9E,10E)-1,4-Dihydroxy-anthrace-9,10-dimethylene)bis(hydrazi-1-carbonthiona-mide) |
SWCNTs | Single-walled carbon nanotubes | APS | Ammonium persulfate |
GCE | Glassy carbon electrode | TEM | Transmission electron microscope |
DPASV | Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry | PPy | Polypyrrole |
PAN | 1-(2-Pyridazo)-2-naphthol | ERGO | Electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide |
LOQ | Limit of quantification | PoPD | Poly (o-phenylenediamine) |
SWASV | Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry | EDTA | Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid |
RSD | Relative standard deviation | GQDs | Graphene quantum dots |
EIS | Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy | GQDTU | Thiourea derivative-functionalized GQDs |
LEDs | Light-emitting devices | g-C3N4 | Graphitic carbonitride |
ITA | Itaconic acid | NPG | Nanoporous gold |
AuNPs | Gold nanomaterials | GE | Gold electrode |
MMIECS | Magnetic molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors | MNMs | Magnetic nanomaterials |
GF-AAS | Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry | 2-CBT | Benzothiazole-2-carbaldehyde |
APTES | 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane | MPS | Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane |
VTES | Vinyltriethoxysilane | SCMNPs | SiO2-coated magnetite nanomaterials |
PVC | Polyvinylchloride |
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Target Ion | Electrode | Nanomaterial | Monomer | Electrochemical Method | Linear Range (μM) | LOD (μM) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Co2+ | GCE | Fe3O4 | AAM | DPCSV | 5.0 × 10−4–0.02 and 0.02–0.5 | 1.0 × 10−4 | [61] |
Cr6+ | GE | GR | CS | DPV | 1.0 × 10−3–10 | 6.4 × 10−4 | [62] |
Ce4+ | SPCE a | Fe3O4 | But-2-enedioic acid bis-[(2-amino-ethyl)-amide] | DPASV | 1.78 × 10−3–4.45 × 10−2 | 5.0 × 10−4 | [63] |
Gd3+ | SPCE | Fe3O4 | But-2-enedioic acid bis-[(2-amino-ethyl)-amide] | DPASV | 4.71 × 10−3–6.02 × 10−2 | 1.2 × 10−4 | [63] |
Zn2+ | PGE b | MWCNTs | BAAP c | DPASV | 4.21 × 10−4 | 1.5 × 10−3–0.364 | [64] |
Cu2+ | PGE | MWCNTs | BAAP | DPASV | 2.5 × 10−4 | 1.54 × 10−3–0.375 | [64] |
GCE | GO | CS | DPASV | 0.5–100 | 0.15 | [65] |
Target Ion | Electrode | Nanomaterial | Monomer | Electrochemical Method | Linear Range (μM) | LOD (μM) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb2+ | GCE | AuNPs/GR/MWCNTs | CS | DPV | 1.00 × 10−3–50 | 2.83 × 10−4 | [66] |
Cd2+ | GCE | AuNPs/GR | CS | DPV | 0.10–0.90 | 1.62 × 10−4 | [25] |
GCE | RGO | PPy | SWASV | 8.90 × 10−3–0.89 | 2.30 × 10−3 | [67] | |
GCE | ERGO | PoPD | SWASV | 8.90 × 10−3–0.44 | 1.20 × 10−3 | [68] | |
GCE | N-rGO | CS | DPV | 0.01–0.10 | 3.51 × 10−3 | [33] | |
Hg2+ | GCE | AuNPs/SWCNTs | Mercaptobenzotriazole | DPASV | 4.00 × 10−4–9.60 × 10−2 | 8.00 × 10−5 | [69] |
GE | Au/ZnO | Py | SWV | —— | ~1 × 10−6 | [70] | |
As3+ | GE | NPG | P-phenylened-iamine | CV | 2.00 × 10−5–9.00 × 10−3 | 7.10 × 10−6 | [71] |
EC Sensing Platform | Technique | Metal Selectivity | Detection Limit | Linear Range | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GCE–IIP–MWCNTs | DPV | Hg2+ | 5.0 nM | 1 × 10−8–7.0 × 10−4M | [81] |
Tl-IP-MWCNT-CPE | DPASV | Tl+ | 0.76 ng/mL | 3.0–240 ng/mL | [82] |
CPE-IIP-MWCNTs | —— | Cr3+ | 5.9 × 10−7 M | 1.0 μM–1.0 M | [84] |
Ce-IIP-MWCNTs | SWV | Ce3+ | 10.0 pM | 1.0 μM–25 pM | [83] |
Ag-IIP- MWCNTs | DPV | Ag+ | 1.2 × 10−10 M | 0.5 × 10−9–2.8 × 10−7 M | [85] |
GCE–IIP–MWCNTs | DPV | Pb2+ | 0.16 μg/L | 5.0–10.0 μg/L | [86] |
IIP–MWCNTs-CPE | SWASV | Pb2+ | 3.8 pM | 1.0 × 10−11–8.0 × 10−8 M | [87] |
MWCNT-CH=CH2-IIP | DPV | Zn2+ | 1.32 × 10−4 µM | 1–5 ppm | [88] |
MWCNT-CH=CH2-IIP | DPV | Cr3+ | 0.051 μM | 1–5 ppm | [89] |
MWCNT-CH=CH2-IIP/PE | DPV | Co2+ | 1.01 × 10−5 μM | 1–5 ppm | [90] |
MWCNT-CH=CH2-IIP/Pt | DPV | Ni2+ | 0.028 µM | 1–5 ppm | [91] |
MWCNT-CH=CH2-IIP | DPV | Pb2+ | 2 × 10−2 μM | 1–5 ppm | [92] |
MWCNT-CH=CH2-IIP/Pt | DPV | Cd2+ | 0.03 μM | 1–5 ppm | [93] |
MWCNT-CH=CH2-IIP/Pt | DPV | Mn2+ | 0.0138 μM | 1–5 ppm | [94] |
IIP/MWCNT/CS/IL/GCE | SWASVs | Mn2+ | 0.15 μM | 2.0–9.0 μM | [95] |
GR-IIM-GCE | i-t | Pd2+ | 6.4 × 10−9 M | 2.0 × 10−8–2.0 × 10−4 M | [100] |
CS-GR-IIP | DPV | Cr6+ | 6.4 × 10−10 M | 1.0 × 10−9–1.0 × 10−5 M | [62] |
CS/AuNPs/GR/GCE | DPV | Cd2+ | 1.62 × 10−4 μM | 0.1–0.9 μM | [25] |
Ag-GR-IIP-CPE | EMF | Zn2+ | 1.93 × 10−1 μg/L | 2.62 × 10−1–6.54 × 10−5 μg/L | [103] |
GO-IIP-IDE | —— | Hg2+ | 1 ppm | —— | [105] |
CS/GO-IIP | DPASV | Cu2+ | 0.15 μM | 0.5–100 μM | [65] |
GO–IIP-GCE | ASV | Cd2+ | 7 × 10−14 M | 4.2 × 10−12–5.6 × 10−3 M | [106] |
GO/MWCNT/IIP | —— | Cu2+ | 4.0 × 10−7 M | 1.0 × 10−6–1.0 × 10−1 M | [27] |
RGO–IIP | SWASV | Hg2+ | 0.02 μg/L | 0.07–80 μg/L | [109] |
PPy/rGO/IIP | SWASV | Cd2+ | 0.26 μg/L | 1–100 μg/L | [67] |
PoPD/ERGO/IIP/GCE | SWASV | Cd2+ | 0.13 ng/mL | 1–50 ng/mL | [68] |
Al2O3/rGO/IIP | —— | Hg2+ | 1.95 × 10−9 M | 4.00 × 10−9–1.30 × 10−3 M | [110] |
N-rGO-CS-IIP | DPV | Cd2+ | 3.51 nM | 0.01–0.1 μM | [33] |
GQDTU-IIP | DPV | Hg2+ | 23.5 nM | 5 × 10−8M–2.3 × 10−5 M | [114] |
GQDTU-IIP | CV | Hg2+ | 30.2 nM | 6 × 10−8M–8.5 × 10−7 M and 1.4 × 10−6 M–7 × 10−6 M | [114] |
g-C3N4/IIP | SWASV | Hg2+ | 18 pM | 0.06–25.0 nM | [119] |
Target Ion | Electrochemical Sensor | Monomer | Crosslinker | Initiator | Imprinting Method | Detection Technique | Linear Range | LOD | Sample | Maximum Permissibe Limit | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb2+ | MWCNTs/GCE | MAA | EGDMA | AIBN | Precipitation polymerization | DPV | 5.0–10.0 μg/L | 0.16 μg/L | Drinking water, physiologi-cal serum (NaCl 0.9% m/v),and synthetic urine | 10.0 μg/L (Drinki-ng water), 0.03 mg/Kg (Fruit juice) | [86] |
MWCNTs/CPE | ITA | EGDMA | AIBN | Precipitation polymerization | SWASV | 1.0 × 10−11–8.0 × 10−8 M | 3.8 pM | Sea and river | [87] | ||
MWCNT-CH=CH2/Pt | AA | NNMBA | AIBN | Surface imprinting | DPV | 1–5 ppm | 2 × 10−2 μM | Waste water, lake, food sample and cosmetics | [92] | ||
MWCNTs/Fe3O4/C-PE | 2-VP a | EGDMA | AIBN | Surface imprinting | DPSV | 3–55 μg/L | 0.5 μg/L | River, waste water | [132] | ||
Fe3O4/GCE | 4-VP | EGDMA | AIBN | Precipitation polymerization | DPV | 0.1–80 ng/mL | 0.05 ng/mL | Fruit juice, drinking water | [134,142] | ||
Cd2+ | MWCNT-CH=CH2/Pt | MAA | NNMBA | K2S2O8 | Precipitation polymerization | DPV | 1–5 ppm | 0.03 μM | Lake water, pigments, cosmetics and fertilizers | 3 ng/mL (Drin-king water), 3.0–5.0 μg/L (Human body) | [68,93] |
GO/GCE | Benzo[f]chrom-ene scaffold | EGDMA | AIBN | Thermal polymerization | ASV | 4.2 × 10−12–5.6 × 10−3 | 7 × 10−14 M | Blood serum and human hair samples | [106] | ||
AuNPs/CPE | Thiosemicarba-mide functionalized CS; MAA | EGDMA | AIBN | Surface imprinting | DPV | 10−3–100 μM | 1.43 × 10−10 M | Rice, drinking water | [123] | ||
Fe3O4/SiO2/GCE | 2-Aminobenzimi-dazole | EGDMA | AIBN | Precipitation polymerization | DPV | 0.008–0.05 μM | 1 × 10−4 μM | Waste and drinking water | [138] | ||
Cu2+ | GO/MWCNT/CPE | 5-methyl-2-thiozylmethacryl-amide | EGDMA | AIBN | Precipitation polymerization | —— | 1.0 × 10−6–1.0 × 10−1 M | 0.4 μM | Spiked river, dam, and tap water | 31.5 μM (Dri-nking water) | [27] |
Fe3O4/C/GCE | NIPAM b | MBA c | APS | Surface imprinting | DPV | 1.0 × 10−5–1.0 × 10−3 M | 5.99 μM | River, tap, and mineral water | [135] | ||
Fe3O4/SiO2/CS/Naf-ion/GCE | CS | GA d | —— | Surface imprinting | DPASV | 0.01–20 μM | 5 nM | Tap and river water | [47] | ||
Hg2+ | MWCNTs/GCE | MAA | EGDMA | AIBN | Precipitation polymerization | DPV | 0.01–700 μM | 5.0 nM | Waste and ground water | 2 μg/L (Drinking water), 0.249 μM (In-dustrial waste water), 0.05 mg/kg (Veg-etables) | [81] |
GO/IDE | Styrene | EGDMA | AIBN | Thermal polymerization | —— | —— | 1 ppm | —— | [105] | ||
RGO/GCE | MAA | EGDMA | APS | Surface imprinting | SWASV | 0.07–80 μg/L | 0.02 μg/L | Waste and drinking water | [109,143] | ||
Al2O3/rGO/CPE | MAA | EGDMA | AIBN | Thermal polymerization | —— | 0.004–1300 μM | 0.00195 μM | Drinking water, industrial waste water, food and human hair | [110,144] | ||
GQDTU/GCE | GQDTU | EGDMA | AIBN | Suspension polymerisation | DPV | 0.05–23 μM | 23.5 nM | River and tap water | [114] | ||
GQDTU | EGDMA | AIBN | Suspension polymerisation | CV | 0.06–0.85 and 1.4–7 μM | 30.2 nM | River and tap water | [114] | |||
g-C3N4/CPE | ITA | EGDMA | AIBN | Precipitation polymerization | SWASV | 0.06–25.0 nM | 18 pM | Tap and sea water | [119] | ||
SCMNPs/CPE | Functional mercaptoethylam-ino monomer | EGDMA | APS | Self-assembly homo polymerization | SWV | 0.20–1600.0 ng/mL | 0.04 ng/mL | River, waste water, and vegetables samples | [139,142] |
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Yu, L.; Sun, L.; Zhang, Q.; Zhou, Y.; Zhang, J.; Yang, B.; Xu, B.; Xu, Q. Nanomaterials-Based Ion-Imprinted Electrochemical Sensors for Heavy Metal Ions Detection: A Review. Biosensors 2022, 12, 1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121096
Yu L, Sun L, Zhang Q, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Yang B, Xu B, Xu Q. Nanomaterials-Based Ion-Imprinted Electrochemical Sensors for Heavy Metal Ions Detection: A Review. Biosensors. 2022; 12(12):1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121096
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Liangyun, Liangju Sun, Qi Zhang, Yawen Zhou, Jingjing Zhang, Bairen Yang, Baocai Xu, and Qin Xu. 2022. "Nanomaterials-Based Ion-Imprinted Electrochemical Sensors for Heavy Metal Ions Detection: A Review" Biosensors 12, no. 12: 1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121096