Cell In Vitro Testing with Soil Invertebrates—Challenges and Opportunities toward Modeling the Effect of Nanomaterials: A Surface-Modified CuO Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2.1. Materials and Methods
2.1.1. Test Materials, Spiking, and Characterization
2.1.2. Cell and Coelomic Fluid Extraction
2.1.3. In Vitro Test Procedures and Flow Cytometry
2.1.4. Data Treatment
3. Results
4. Discussion
In Vitro Challenges and Future Research
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CuO | ζ-Potential (mV) | Hydrodynamic Diameter (nm) | Sedimentation Velocity (µm/s) | Cudissolved/CuOtotal Weight Ratio (%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Milli-Q | PBS | DMEM | Milli-Q | PBS | DMEM | Milli-Q | PBS | DMEM | Milli-Q | PBS | DMEM | |
PRI-PO43− | −9.1 ± 0.4 | −2.3 ± 2.1 | −8.2 ± 7.4 | 1093 ± 50 | 2756 ± 347 | 55 ± 6 | 0.12 | 0.43 | 0.04 | 0.2 (1.1) | <0.3 (0.1) | 67 (0.5) |
CIT | −18.0 ± 0.3 | −3.4 ± 1.2 | −9.7 ± 0.6 | 368 ± 10 | 271 ± 43 | 37 ± 2 | 0.1 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 2 (0.5) | 1.8 (0.4) | 69 (1.0) |
ASC | −17.4 ± 0.3 | −8.1 ± 0.1 | −9.2 ± 0.2 | 122 ± 1.4 | 1314 ± 525 | 73 ± 21 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.01 | 2 (0.5) | <0.3 (0.1) | 65 (0.4) |
PEI | +28.3 ± 0.7 | +13.8 ± 0.1 | −10.1 ± 0.7 | 247 ± 14 | 209 ± 16 | 45 ± 14 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 2.8 (0.6) | 2.5 (0.6) | 67 (0.5) |
PVP | −8.1 ± 2.3 | −0.9 ± 0.7 | −9.4 ± 0.8 | 797 ± 84 | 2765 ± 432 | 53 ± 25 | 0.06 | 0.2 | 0.03 | 0.2 (1.0) | <0.3 (0.1) | 66 (1.3) |
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Ribeiro, M.J.; Amorim, M.J.B.; Scott-Fordsmand, J.J. Cell In Vitro Testing with Soil Invertebrates—Challenges and Opportunities toward Modeling the Effect of Nanomaterials: A Surface-Modified CuO Case Study. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1087. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9081087
Ribeiro MJ, Amorim MJB, Scott-Fordsmand JJ. Cell In Vitro Testing with Soil Invertebrates—Challenges and Opportunities toward Modeling the Effect of Nanomaterials: A Surface-Modified CuO Case Study. Nanomaterials. 2019; 9(8):1087. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9081087
Chicago/Turabian StyleRibeiro, Maria J., Mónica J.B. Amorim, and Janeck J. Scott-Fordsmand. 2019. "Cell In Vitro Testing with Soil Invertebrates—Challenges and Opportunities toward Modeling the Effect of Nanomaterials: A Surface-Modified CuO Case Study" Nanomaterials 9, no. 8: 1087. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9081087