The Influence of Polysaccharide Coating on the Physicochemical Parameters and Cytotoxicity of Silica Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Biomolecules Delivery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Synthesis of and Optimization of Silica Nanoparticles (SiNP) by Factorial Design
2.3. Coating of SiNP with Polysaccharides and Insulin Association
2.4. Size, Size Distribution and Zeta Potential Measurements
2.5. Association Efficacy (AE)
2.6. Insulin Release and Kinetic Studies
2.7. Cytotoxicity Studies
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Levels | ||
---|---|---|---|
−1 | 0 | +1 | |
TEOS (mol/L) | 0.43 | 0.69 | 0.95 |
HSH speed (rpm) | 3000 | 4000 | 5000 |
Formulation Code | [TEOS] | HSH Speed | Z-Ave ± SD (nm) | PI ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | 0.43 | 5000 | 256.6 ± 20.3 | 0.218 ± 0.074 |
F2 | 0.43 | 3000 | 356.4 ± 112.2 | 0.443 ± 0.006 |
F3 | 0.69 | 4000 | 200.7 ± 13.5 | 0.308 ± 0.021 |
F4 | 0.69 | 4000 | 292.7 ± 15.2 | 0.334 ± 0.058 |
F5 | 0.69 | 4000 | 291.5 ± 35.3 | 0.349 ± 0.030 |
F6 | 0.95 | 5000 | 366.4 ± 18.1 | 0.381 ± 0.005 |
F7 | 0.95 | 3000 | 183.9 ± 11.1 | 0.505 ± 0.082 |
Factors and Their Interactions | Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) [TEOS] | 0.012656 | 1 | 0.012656 | 6.01060 | 0.091545 |
(2) HSH speed | 0.030450 | 1 | 0.030450 | 14.46118 | 0.031944 |
(1) by (2) | 0.002550 | 1 | 0.002550 | 1.21114 | 0.351489 |
Error | 0.006317 | 3 | 0.002106 | ||
Total | 0.051974 | 6 |
Factors and Their Interactions | Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) [TEOS] | 982.82 | 1 | 982.82 | 0.419361 | 0.563396 |
(2) HSH speed | 1709.82 | 1 | 1709.82 | 0.729565 | 0.455805 |
(1) by (2) | 19923.32 | 1 | 19923.32 | 8.501088 | 0.061713 |
Error | 7030.86 | 3 | 2343.62 | ||
Total | 29646.83 | 6 |
Gastric Conditions | ||||
Free Insulin | Ins-SiNP | Ins-SiNP-CH | Ins-SiNP-SA | |
Zero order | ||||
r2 | 0.9738 | 0.9929 | 0.9835 | 0.9754 |
AIC | 39.86 | 31.45 | 35.63 | 38.98 |
First order | ||||
r2 | 0.9982 | 0.9944 | 0.9992 | 0.9978 |
AIC | 18.29 | 29.58 | 11.58 | 19.63 |
Second-order | ||||
r2 | 0.9985 | 0.9994 | 0.9993 | 0.9982 |
AIC | 19.02 | 13.01 | 12.46 | 20.10 |
Boltzmann | ||||
r2 | * | 0.9999 | 0.9999 | * |
AIC | * | 14.94 | 15.04 | * |
Hyperbolic | ||||
r2 | 0.9962 | 09943 | 0.9982 | 0.9961 |
AIC | 81.51 | 102.75 | 54.89 | 81.33 |
Peppas | ||||
r2 | 0.9943 | 0.9952 | 0.9965 | 0.9942 |
AIC | 15.71 | 15.37 | 15.08 | 15.62 |
Intestinal Conditions | ||||
Free Insulin | Ins-SiNP | Ins-SiNP-CH | Ins-SiNP-SA | |
Zero order | ||||
r2 | 0.9427 | 0.9761 | 0.9507 | 0.9481 |
AIC | 61.09 | 54.21 | 59.00 | 58.24 |
First order | ||||
r2 | 0.9986 | 0.9973 | 0.9991 | 0.9993 |
AIC | 29.70 | 35.06 | 23.91 | 21.65 |
Second-order | ||||
r2 | 0.9801 | 0.9983 | 0.9861 | 0.9839 |
AIC | 52.21 | 29.60 | 48.35 | 48.51 |
Boltzmann | ||||
r2 | 0.9992 | 0.9993 | 0.9993 | * |
AIC | 28.41 | 25.75 | 25.16 | * |
Hyperbolic | ||||
r2 | 0.9937 | 0.9947 | 0.9957 | 0.9965 |
AIC | 39.04 | 39.17 | 34.67 | 31.40 |
Peppas | ||||
r2 | 0.9443 | 0.9877 | 0.9794 | 0.9791 |
AIC | 53.04 | 47.52 | 50.28 | 49.12 |
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Andreani, T.; Fangueiro, J.F.; Severino, P.; de Souza, A.L.R.; Martins-Gomes, C.; Fernandes, P.M.V.; Calpena, A.C.; Gremião, M.P.; Souto, E.B.; Silva, A.M. The Influence of Polysaccharide Coating on the Physicochemical Parameters and Cytotoxicity of Silica Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Biomolecules Delivery. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9081081
Andreani T, Fangueiro JF, Severino P, de Souza ALR, Martins-Gomes C, Fernandes PMV, Calpena AC, Gremião MP, Souto EB, Silva AM. The Influence of Polysaccharide Coating on the Physicochemical Parameters and Cytotoxicity of Silica Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Biomolecules Delivery. Nanomaterials. 2019; 9(8):1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9081081
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndreani, Tatiana, Joana F. Fangueiro, Patrícia Severino, Ana Luiza R. de Souza, Carlos Martins-Gomes, Paula M. V. Fernandes, Ana C. Calpena, Maria P. Gremião, Eliana B. Souto, and Amélia M. Silva. 2019. "The Influence of Polysaccharide Coating on the Physicochemical Parameters and Cytotoxicity of Silica Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Biomolecules Delivery" Nanomaterials 9, no. 8: 1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9081081