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Nanomaterials
Volume 15
Issue 23
10.3390/nano15231790
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Tunable Luminescence in Sb3+-Doped Cs3LnCl6 Perovskites for Wide-coverage Emission and Anti-Counterfeiting Applications

by
Lianao Zhang
1,
Le Chen
1,
Sai Xu
1,*,
Yongze Cao
1,
Xizhen Zhang
1,
Hongquan Yu
1,
Yuefeng Gao
2,* and
Baojiu Chen
1
1
School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
2
Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1790; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231790
Submission received: 20 October 2025 / Revised: 22 November 2025 / Accepted: 25 November 2025 / Published: 27 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lanthanide-Doped Luminescent Nanomaterials: Design, Synthesis, Optical Properties and Applications: 2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Zero-dimensional (0D) rare-earth-based metal halides show great potential in photonic and optoelectronic applications owing to their high stability, strong exciton confinement, and tunable energy levels. However, the weak absorption and narrow 4f-4f transitions of rare-earth ions limit their performance. To address this, a series of Sb3+-doped Cs3LnCl6 (Ln: Yb, La, Eu, Ho, Ce, Er, Tb, Sm, Y) nanocrystals were synthesized via a hot-injection method to study the role of Sb3+ doping. Sb3+ incorporation induces strong broadband self-trapped exciton (STE) emission from Jahn–Teller-distorted [SbCl6]3− units and enables efficient energy transfer from STEs to rare-earth ions. As a result, the photoluminescence intensity and spectral tunability are improved, accompanied by bandgap narrowing and enhanced light absorption. Different lanthanide hosts exhibit distinct luminescence behaviors: La-based materials show dominant STE emission, while Tb-, Er-, Yb-, Ho-, and Sm-based systems display STE-mediated energy transfer and enhanced f-f emission. In Eu- and Ce-based hosts, unique mechanisms involving Eu2+/Eu3+ conversion and Ce3+ → STE energy transfer are observed. Moreover, composition-dependent emissions in Sb3+-doped Cs3Tb/EuCl6 enable a dual-mode color and spectral encoding strategy for optical anti-counterfeiting. This study highlights the versatile role of Sb3+ in tuning electronic structures and energy transfer, offering new insights for designing high-performance rare-earth halide materials for advanced optoelectronic applications.
Keywords: Sb3+ doping; 0D rare-earth-based metal halides; energy transfer; STE; optical anti-counterfeiting Sb3+ doping; 0D rare-earth-based metal halides; energy transfer; STE; optical anti-counterfeiting

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, L.; Chen, L.; Xu, S.; Cao, Y.; Zhang, X.; Yu, H.; Gao, Y.; Chen, B. Tunable Luminescence in Sb3+-Doped Cs3LnCl6 Perovskites for Wide-coverage Emission and Anti-Counterfeiting Applications. Nanomaterials 2025, 15, 1790. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231790

AMA Style

Zhang L, Chen L, Xu S, Cao Y, Zhang X, Yu H, Gao Y, Chen B. Tunable Luminescence in Sb3+-Doped Cs3LnCl6 Perovskites for Wide-coverage Emission and Anti-Counterfeiting Applications. Nanomaterials. 2025; 15(23):1790. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231790

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Lianao, Le Chen, Sai Xu, Yongze Cao, Xizhen Zhang, Hongquan Yu, Yuefeng Gao, and Baojiu Chen. 2025. "Tunable Luminescence in Sb3+-Doped Cs3LnCl6 Perovskites for Wide-coverage Emission and Anti-Counterfeiting Applications" Nanomaterials 15, no. 23: 1790. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231790

APA Style

Zhang, L., Chen, L., Xu, S., Cao, Y., Zhang, X., Yu, H., Gao, Y., & Chen, B. (2025). Tunable Luminescence in Sb3+-Doped Cs3LnCl6 Perovskites for Wide-coverage Emission and Anti-Counterfeiting Applications. Nanomaterials, 15(23), 1790. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231790

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