Biogenic Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Evaluation of Pristine and Graphene-Loaded Zn50Mg50O Nanocomposites for Organic Dyes Removal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Collection and Preparation of Algae Extract
2.3. Synthesis of Zn50Mg50O and Silica-Supported Graphene with Zn50Mg50O Nanocomposites
2.4. Characterisation of Nanocomposites
2.5. Batch Photocatalytic Studies
2.6. Response Surface Methodology
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Powder XRD Analysis
3.2. UV-DRS
3.3. SEM-EDAX
3.4. TEM
3.5. FTIR
3.6. RSM Analysis for Photocatalytic Studies
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Independent Factor | Symbol | Unit | Levels | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low (−1) | Centre (0) | High (+1) | |||
Photocatalyst dosage | A | g/L | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1 |
Contact time | B | min | 15 | 90 | 165 |
Std | Run | A: Photocatalyst Dosage (g/L) | B: Contact Time (min) | Dye Removal (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RhB—Zn50Mg50O | MB—Zn50Mg50O | RhB—G-Zn50Mg50O | MB—G-Zn50Mg50O | ||||
2 | 1 | 0.2 | 165 | 78.5 | 83.6 | 79.5 | 90.5 |
8 | 2 | 0.2 | 15 | 17.7 | 24.7 | 19.7 | 26.7 |
5 | 3 | 1 | 15 | 34.2 | 39.2 | 35.2 | 40.2 |
4 | 4 | 0.6 | 165 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
11 | 5 | 0.6 | 15 | 26.2 | 29.2 | 28.2 | 32.2 |
9 | 6 | 0.6 | 90 | 71.8 | 76.9 | 72.8 | 77.7 |
7 | 7 | 0.6 | 90 | 72 | 76.7 | 72.9 | 77.8 |
6 | 8 | 1 | 90 | 74.8 | 79.8 | 75.8 | 80.8 |
3 | 9 | 0.6 | 90 | 71.9 | 76.8 | 73 | 77.6 |
1 | 10 | 0.2 | 90 | 51 | 56.1 | 52 | 63 |
10 | 11 | 1 | 165 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
(a) RhB dye using Zn50Mg50O composite | |||||
Source | Sum of Squares | Df | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value |
Model | 7680.36 | 5 | 1536.07 | 147.17 | <0.0001 |
A-Photocatalyst dosage | 636.54 | 1 | 636.54 | 60.99 | 0.0006 |
B-Time | 6693.36 | 1 | 6693.36 | 641.29 | <0.0001 |
AB | 6.25 | 1 | 6.25 | 0.5988 | 0.4740 |
A² | 129.80 | 1 | 129.80 | 12.44 | 0.0168 |
B² | 122.64 | 1 | 122.64 | 11.75 | 0.0187 |
Residual | 52.19 | 5 | 10.44 | ||
Lack of Fit | 52.17 | 3 | 17.39 | 1738.89 | |
Pure Error | 0.0200 | 2 | 0.0100 | ||
Cor Total | 7732.55 | 10 | |||
(b) MB dye using Zn50Mg50O composite | |||||
Source | Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value |
Model | 7375.29 | 5 | 1475.06 | 150.35 | <0.0001 |
A-Photocatalyst dosage | 596.01 | 1 | 596.01 | 60.75 | 0.0006 |
B-Time | 6428.83 | 1 | 6428.83 | 655.29 | <0.0001 |
AB | 6.25 | 1 | 6.25 | 0.6371 | 0.4610 |
A² | 129.80 | 1 | 129.80 | 13.23 | 0.0149 |
B² | 122.64 | 1 | 122.64 | 12.50 | 0.0166 |
Residual | 49.05 | 5 | 9.81 | ||
Lack of Fit | 49.03 | 3 | 16.34 | 1634.45 | |
Pure Error | 0.0200 | 2 | 0.0100 | ||
Cor Total | 7424.35 | 10 | |||
(c) RhB dye using G-Zn50Mg50O composite | |||||
Source | Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value |
Model | 6925.68 | 5 | 1385.14 | 80.19 | <0.0001 |
A-Photocatalyst dosage | 496.86 | 1 | 496.86 | 28.76 | 0.0030 |
B-Time | 6048.37 | 1 | 6048.37 | 350.15 | <0.0001 |
AB | 0.9025 | 1 | 0.9025 | 0.0522 | 0.8283 |
A² | 80.19 | 1 | 80.19 | 4.64 | 0.0838 |
B² | 204.12 | 1 | 204.12 | 11.82 | 0.0185 |
Residual | 86.37 | 5 | 17.27 | ||
Lack of Fit | 86.35 | 3 | 28.78 | 2878.30 | |
Pure Error | 0.0200 | 2 | 0.0100 | ||
Cor Total | 7012.05 | 10 | |||
(d) MB dye using G-Zn50Mg50O composite | |||||
Source | Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value |
Model | 6718.83 | 5 | 1343.77 | 188.68 | <0.0001 |
A-Photocatalyst dosage | 277.44 | 1 | 277.44 | 38.96 | 0.0015 |
B-Time | 6105.66 | 1 | 6105.66 | 857.31 | <0.0001 |
AB | 4.00 | 1 | 4.00 | 0.5616 | 0.4873 |
A² | 34.09 | 1 | 34.09 | 4.79 | 0.0803 |
B² | 227.12 | 1 | 227.12 | 31.89 | 0.0024 |
Residual | 35.61 | 5 | 7.12 | ||
Lack of Fit | 35.59 | 3 | 11.86 | 1186.32 | |
Pure Error | 0.0200 | 2 | 0.0100 | ||
Cor Total | 6754.44 | 10 |
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Pachiyappan, J.; Nirmala, G.; Sivamani, S.; Govindasamy, R.; Thiruvengadam, M.; Derkho, M.; Burkov, P.; Popovich, A.; Gribkova, V. Biogenic Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Evaluation of Pristine and Graphene-Loaded Zn50Mg50O Nanocomposites for Organic Dyes Removal. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 2809. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12162809
Pachiyappan J, Nirmala G, Sivamani S, Govindasamy R, Thiruvengadam M, Derkho M, Burkov P, Popovich A, Gribkova V. Biogenic Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Evaluation of Pristine and Graphene-Loaded Zn50Mg50O Nanocomposites for Organic Dyes Removal. Nanomaterials. 2022; 12(16):2809. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12162809
Chicago/Turabian StylePachiyappan, Jayakaran, Gnanasundaram Nirmala, Selvaraju Sivamani, Rajakumar Govindasamy, Muthu Thiruvengadam, Marina Derkho, Pavel Burkov, Aleksey Popovich, and Vera Gribkova. 2022. "Biogenic Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Evaluation of Pristine and Graphene-Loaded Zn50Mg50O Nanocomposites for Organic Dyes Removal" Nanomaterials 12, no. 16: 2809. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12162809