Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Growth of ZnO Nanowires on AZO Substrates for FACsPb(IBr)3 Perovskite Solar Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Details
2.1. Materials
2.2. ZnO Nanowire Growth
2.3. Perovskite Solar Cells Fabrication
2.4. Characterization Techniques
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Photovoltaic Performance as a Function of Growing Substrate and ETL
3.2. Influence of ZnO NWs’ Growing Time
3.3. Optimization of the Hydrothermal Process
3.3.1. Effect of PEI Content
3.3.2. Effect of HMTA Content
3.3.3. Effect of Zn(NO3)2 Concentration
3.4. Comparison between Spiro-OMeTAD and Cz–Pyr as HTL
Device Structure | Jsc (mA cm−2) | Voc (V) | FF | PCE (%) | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AZO/ZnO NRs/MAPbI3/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au | 16.00 | 0.80 | 0.53 | 7.00 | [74] |
AZO/ZnO NRs/MAPbIxCl3-x/Cu | 14.87 | 0.86 | 0.28 | 3.62 | [83] |
AZO/ZnO NRs based DSSC | 05.01 | 0.60 | 0.43 | 1.31 | [84] |
AZO/ZnO NWs/FACsPb(IBr)3/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au | 16.10 | 0.64 | 0.47 | 4.9 | This work |
AZO/ZnO NWs/FACsPb(IBr)3/Cz–Pyr/Au | 07.00 | 0.81 | 0.39 | 2.2 |
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Growing Time | Length (L) (μm) | Average Diameter (d) (nm) | Density (D) (NW/µm2) | Void Fraction (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 h | 0.1 | - | - | - |
4 h | 0.3 | - | - | - |
6 h | 0.4 | 127 | 53 | ~28 |
15 h | 1.3 | 165 | 29 | ~58 |
Growing Time | Jsc (mA cm−2) | Voc (V) | FF | PCE (%) | Rsh (Ω) | Rs (Ω) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 h | 16.1 | 0.64 | 0.47 | 4.9 | 1400 | 70 |
15 h | 4.2 | 0.32 | 0.46 | 0.6 | 1200 | 130 |
[PEI] mM | [PEI]/[HMTA] Ratio | L (μm) | d (nm) | D NW/µm2 | Void Fraction% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
-- | -- | 0.3 | 131 | 59 | ~36 |
5 | 10 | 0.3 | 135 | 59 | ~37 |
7 | 7.15 | 0.4 | 147 | 49 | ~44 |
11 | 4.50 | 0.5 | ~125 | 58 | ~45 |
13 | 3.85 | 0.2 | 150 | 50 | ~28 |
[Zn(NO3)2]/[HMTA] Ratio | [HMTA] mM | L (μm) | d (nm) | D (NW/µm2) | Void fraction (%) | NWs Aspect Ratio L/d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 50 | 0.5 | 124.6 | 58 | ~45 | ~4.01 |
1.33 | 37.5 | 0.5 | 125.0 | 58 | ~36 | ~4.01 |
2 | 25 | 0.3 | 101.3 | 76 | ~37 | ~2.66 |
[Zn(NO3)2] (mM) | L (μm) | d (nm) | D (NW/µm2) | Void Fraction (%) | NWs Aspect Ratio L/d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
20 mM | 0.25 | 109 | 58 | ~43 | 2.28 |
35 mM | 0.30 | 117 | 57 | ~46 | 2.56 |
50 mM | 0.50 | 125 | 58 | ~36 | 4.00 |
ZnO(NO3)2 Concentration | Jsc (mA cm−2) | Voc (V) | FF | PCE (%) | Rsh (Ω) | Rs (Ω) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20 mM | 8.9 | 0.92 | 0.33 | 2.7 | 600 | 200 |
35 mM | 2.2 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.3 | 1250 | 470 |
50 mM | 9.4 | 0.53 | 0.35 | 1.7 | 650 | 160 |
Growing Time | Jsc (mA cm−2) | Voc (V) | FF | PCE (%) | Rsh (Ω) | Rs (Ω) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial set | 16.1 | 0.64 | 0.47 | 4.9 | 1400 | 70 |
Final set | 8.9 | 0.92 | 0.33 | 2.7 | 600 | 200 |
Jsc (mA.cm−2) | Voc (V) | FF | PCE (%) | Rsh (Ω) | Rs (Ω) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZnO 0.40 µm/Spiro-OMeTAD | FS | Best | 16.4 | 0.66 | 0.36 | 3.8 | 420 | 100 |
Average | 13.7 | 0.69 | 0.35 | 3.4 | 780 | 120 | ||
RS | Best | 16.1 | 0.64 | 0.47 | 4.9 | 1400 | 70 | |
Average | 16.7 | 0.68 | 0.43 | 4.7 | 1350 | 80 | ||
ZnO 0.25 µm/Spiro-OMeTAD | FS | Best | 9.1 | 0.86 | 0.25 | 2.0 | 530 | 330 |
Average | 8.2 | 0.85 | 0.25 | 1.8 | 560 | 380 | ||
RS | Best | 8.9 | 0.92 | 0.33 | 2.7 | 600 | 200 | |
Average | 8.5 | 0.91 | 0.32 | 2.5 | 580 | 220 | ||
ZnO 0.40 µm/Cz–Pyr | FS | Best | 7.3 | 0.82 | 0.35 | 2.1 | 1070 | 240 |
Average | 5.5 | 0.71 | 0.34 | 1.3 | 1350 | 400 | ||
RS | Best | 7.0 | 0.81 | 0.39 | 2.2 | 940 | 230 | |
Average | 5.6 | 0.70 | 0.34 | 1.3 | 1100 | 400 | ||
ZnO 0.25 µm/Cz–Pyr | FS | Best | 5.0 | 0.62 | 0.33 | 1.0 | 800 | 330 |
Average | 3.9 | 0.74 | 0.29 | 0.8 | 1170 | 970 | ||
RS | Best | 4.6 | 0.62 | 0.40 | 1.1 | 1840 | 280 | |
Average | 3.9 | 0.73 | 0.30 | 0.8 | 1550 | 1030 |
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Sekar, K.; Nakar, R.; Bouclé, J.; Doineau, R.; Nadaud, K.; Schmaltz, B.; Poulin-Vittrant, G. Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Growth of ZnO Nanowires on AZO Substrates for FACsPb(IBr)3 Perovskite Solar Cells. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 2093. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12122093
Sekar K, Nakar R, Bouclé J, Doineau R, Nadaud K, Schmaltz B, Poulin-Vittrant G. Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Growth of ZnO Nanowires on AZO Substrates for FACsPb(IBr)3 Perovskite Solar Cells. Nanomaterials. 2022; 12(12):2093. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12122093
Chicago/Turabian StyleSekar, Karthick, Rana Nakar, Johann Bouclé, Raphaël Doineau, Kevin Nadaud, Bruno Schmaltz, and Guylaine Poulin-Vittrant. 2022. "Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Growth of ZnO Nanowires on AZO Substrates for FACsPb(IBr)3 Perovskite Solar Cells" Nanomaterials 12, no. 12: 2093. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12122093