Depth of Cure, Hardness, Roughness and Filler Dimension of Bulk-Fill Flowable, Conventional Flowable and High-Strength Universal Injectable Composites: An In Vitro Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Depth of Cure
2.2. Roughness
2.3. Microhardness
2.4. Scanning Electron Microscope
3. Results
3.1. Depth of Cure
3.2. Roughness
3.3. Microhardness
3.4. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
3.5. Figures, Tables and Schemes
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Material | Composition | Filler % (wt%/vol%) | Type | Manufacturer | Shade | Lot |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Filtek Bulk Fill Flowable Restorative | Monomers: BisGMA, BisEMA, ;Procrylat, UDMA; filler: zirconia/silica, ;YbF3; photoinitiator: camphoroquinone | 64.5/42.5 | Flowable bulk fill composite | 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany | A2 | NC36727 |
2 | Tetric EvoFlow Bulk Fill | Monomers: BisGMA, DMA; filler: barium alumino-fluoro-silicate glasses; photoinitiator: Ivocerin | 80/60 | Nanohybrid flowable bulk fill composite | Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein | IVA | Z017XK |
3 | G-ænial Universal Injectable | Monomers: dimethacrylate rmonomers; filler: barium glass, silica; photoinitiator | 69/50 | Nanofilled high-strength low-viscosity composite | GC Europe | A2 | 201209A |
4 | Filtek Supreme XTE Flowable Restorative | Monomers: BisGMA, TEGMA, Procrylat; filler: zirconia/silica, YbF3; photoinitiator: camphoroquinone | 65/46 | Nanofilled flowable composite | 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany | A2 | NC65193 |
5 | G-ænial Flo X | Monomers: UDMA, dimethacrylate monomers; filler: barium glass; photoinitiator | 69/50 | Microhybrid flowable composite | GC Europe | A2 | 1811071 |
Group | Mean | Standard Deviation | Median | Mininum | Maximum | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G1 | 4.24 | 0.210 | 4.263 | 3.913 | 4.533 | 0.62 |
G2 | 4.12 | 0.095 | 4.106 | 3.918 | 4.327 | 0.409 |
G3 | 3.02 | 0.087 | 3.016 | 2.822 | 3.153 | 0.331 |
G4 | 2.58 | 0.075 | 2.578 | 2.473 | 2.753 | 0.28 |
G5 | 2.84 | 0.047 | 2.841 | 2.765 | 2.9 | 0.135 |
Comparison Groups | p-Value |
---|---|
G1-G2 | 0.6461 |
G1-G3 | 0.0084 |
G1-G4 | 0.0001 |
G1-G5 | 0.0006 |
G2-G3 | 0.0334 |
G2-G4 | 0.0007 |
G2-G5 | 0.0002 |
G3-G4 | 0.0031 |
G3-G5 | 0.2348 |
G4-G5 | 0.1687 |
Group | Mean (µm) | sd | Median (µm) | Min (µm) | Max (µm) | Range (µm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G1 | 1.351 | 0.128 | 1.308 | 1.259 | 1.568 | 0.309 |
G2 | 2.015 | 0.243 | 1.976 | 1.766 | 2.350 | 0.584 |
G3 | 0.293 | 0.029 | 0.286 | 0.262 | 0.326 | 0.064 |
G4 | 0.633 | 0.183 | 0.629 | 0.367 | 0.878 | 0.511 |
G5 | 0.130 | 0.034 | 0.114 | 0.100 | 0.175 | 0.075 |
Group | G2 | G4 | G5 | G1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
G4 | 0.2218 | - | - | - |
G5 | 0.0002 | 0.1901 | - | - |
G1 | 1.0000 | 0.8482 | 0.0114 | - |
G3 | 0.0102 | 0.5655 | 0.2827 | 0.1587 |
Group | Mean | sd | Median | Mininum | Maximum | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G1 | 61.4 | 2.51 | 60 | 59 | 65 | 6 |
G2 | 72 | 1.41 | 72 | 70 | 74 | 4 |
G3 | 64.4 | 1.14 | 64 | 63 | 66 | 3 |
G4 | 46 | 1.41 | 46 | 44 | 48 | 4 |
G5 | 47 | 2.00 | 48 | 44 | 49 | 5 |
Group | G1 | G2 | G4 | G5 |
---|---|---|---|---|
G1 | - | 0.2356 | 0.2827 | 0.4412 |
G3 | 0.9263 | 0.6322 | 0.0524 | 0.1384 |
G4 | - | 0.0007 | - | - |
G5 | - | 0.0031 | 0.6977 | - |
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Ludovichetti, F.S.; Lucchi, P.; Zambon, G.; Pezzato, L.; Bertolini, R.; Zerman, N.; Stellini, E.; Mazzoleni, S. Depth of Cure, Hardness, Roughness and Filler Dimension of Bulk-Fill Flowable, Conventional Flowable and High-Strength Universal Injectable Composites: An In Vitro Study. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 1951. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12121951
Ludovichetti FS, Lucchi P, Zambon G, Pezzato L, Bertolini R, Zerman N, Stellini E, Mazzoleni S. Depth of Cure, Hardness, Roughness and Filler Dimension of Bulk-Fill Flowable, Conventional Flowable and High-Strength Universal Injectable Composites: An In Vitro Study. Nanomaterials. 2022; 12(12):1951. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12121951
Chicago/Turabian StyleLudovichetti, Francesco Saverio, Patrizia Lucchi, Giulia Zambon, Luca Pezzato, Rachele Bertolini, Nicoletta Zerman, Edoardo Stellini, and Sergio Mazzoleni. 2022. "Depth of Cure, Hardness, Roughness and Filler Dimension of Bulk-Fill Flowable, Conventional Flowable and High-Strength Universal Injectable Composites: An In Vitro Study" Nanomaterials 12, no. 12: 1951. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12121951