The Role of Polymeric Coatings for a Safe-by-Design Development of Biomedical Gold Nanoparticles Assessed in Zebrafish Embryo
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Materials
2.2. Synthesis of Spherical Gold Nanoparticles
2.3. Ligand Exchange of GNP Using MeO-PEG-SH (2000 Da)
2.4. Polymer Coating of GNPs
2.4.1. PMA-g-Dodecyl Polymer Synthesis
2.4.2. PMA Coating of GNPs
2.5. Characterization of GNP Suspensions
2.6. Zebrafish Embryo Treatments and FET
2.6.1. Fish Husbandry and Egg Collection
2.6.2. Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) Test
2.7. TEM on Embryos
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Synthesis and Characterization of GNP@PEG and GNP@PMA
3.2. Effect of GNP@PEG and GNP@PMA on Zebrafish Embryos
3.2.1. Embryo Viability
3.2.2. Embryo Hatching
3.2.3. Embryo Malformation
3.3. Interaction of GNP@PEG and GNP@PMA on Zebrafish Embryo Chorion
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Coating | PMA | PEG | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Size | 6 nm | 15 nm | 6 nm | 15 nm |
Z-potential (mV) | −25.7 ± 1.17 | −12.5 ± 0.65 | −0.79 ± 0.09 | −0.09 ± 0.09 |
Hydrodynamic size (nm) | 12.4 ± 0.37 | 22.0 ± 1.52 | 17.5 ± 0.55 | 24.9 ± 0.81 |
PDI | 0.567 ± 0.013 | 0.462 ± 0.004 | 0.182 ± 0.014 | 0.297 ± 0.013 |
hpf | Ctrl | 0.001 nM | 0.01 nM | 0.1 nM | 1 nM | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 nm | 15 nm | 6 nm | 15 nm | 6 nm | 15 nm | 6 nm | 15 nm | ||
0–48 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
72 | 13.69 ± 6.96 (7) | 13.99 ± 4.80 (4) | 27.56 ± 18.73 (3) | 28.98 ± 11.51 (4) | 32.22 ± 28.95 (3) | 22.09 ± 9.44 (4) | 34.05 ± 30.54 (3) | 35.67 ± 10.24 (4) | 45.95 ± 27.47 (3) |
96 | 100 (7) | 98.21 ± 1.79 (4) | 100 (3) | 100 (4) | 100 (3) | 100 (4) | 100 (3) | 100 (4) | n.d. |
hpf | Ctrl | 0.001 nM | 0.01 nM | 0.1 nM | 1 nM | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 nm | 15 nm | 6 nm | 15 nm | 6 nm | 15 nm | 6 nm | 15 nm | ||
0–48 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
72 | 26.76 ± 4.50 (3) | 6.55 ± 0.30 ** (3) | 22.12 ± 3.94 (3) | 0 | 38.05 ± 3.32 (3) | 0 | 21.11 ± 10.60 (3) | 0 | 21.43 ± 17.50 (3) |
96 | 98.04 ± 1.96 (3) | 89.58 ± 10.42 (3) | 89.56 ± 6.45 (3) | 58.40 ± 15.15 * (3) | 90.74 ± 4.90 (3) | 82.50 ± 11.81 (3) | 91.67 ± 8.33 (3) | 73.29 ± 13.39 (3) | 83.33 ± 13.61 (3) |
Malformation % | Ctrl | 0.001 nM | 0.01 nM | 0.1 nM | 1 nM | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 nm | 15 nm | 6 nm | 15 nm | 6 nm | 15 nm | 6 nm | 15 nm | ||
tail | 0 | 8.63 ± 5.46 (3) | 0 | 10.45 ± 6.18 (3) | 37.41 ± 21.59 (3) | 9.70 ± 4.99 (3) | 45.00 ± 18.93 (3) | 0 | 0 |
eye | 0 | 11.61 ± 2.68 (3) | 0 | 5.71 ± 2.97 (3) | 0 | 7.20 ± 3.73 (3) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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Floris, P.; Garbujo, S.; Rolla, G.; Giustra, M.; Salvioni, L.; Catelani, T.; Colombo, M.; Mantecca, P.; Fiandra, L. The Role of Polymeric Coatings for a Safe-by-Design Development of Biomedical Gold Nanoparticles Assessed in Zebrafish Embryo. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1004. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11041004
Floris P, Garbujo S, Rolla G, Giustra M, Salvioni L, Catelani T, Colombo M, Mantecca P, Fiandra L. The Role of Polymeric Coatings for a Safe-by-Design Development of Biomedical Gold Nanoparticles Assessed in Zebrafish Embryo. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11(4):1004. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11041004
Chicago/Turabian StyleFloris, Pamela, Stefania Garbujo, Gabriele Rolla, Marco Giustra, Lucia Salvioni, Tiziano Catelani, Miriam Colombo, Paride Mantecca, and Luisa Fiandra. 2021. "The Role of Polymeric Coatings for a Safe-by-Design Development of Biomedical Gold Nanoparticles Assessed in Zebrafish Embryo" Nanomaterials 11, no. 4: 1004. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11041004