Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Toxicity in Human Endothelial HUVECs via Lipid Peroxidation, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Autophagy Modulation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Preparation and Characterization of Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles (GO NPs)
2.3. Cell Culture and Treatment with GO NPs
2.4. Cell Viability Assays
2.5. Evaluation of Cell Membrane Integrity
2.6. Detection of Intracellular ROS
2.7. Quantification of Intracellular GSH
2.8. Determination of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential
2.9. Measurement of Autophagic/Acidic Vesicles
2.10. Apoptosis/Necrosis Detection via Triple Staining and Caspase-3 Activity
2.11. Protein Estimation
2.12. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Physicochemical Characterization of GO NPs
3.2. GO NPs-Induced Concentration-Dependent Cytotoxicity in HUVECs
3.3. GO NPs Caused Significant Damage to the Membrane Integrity
3.4. GO NPs Elicited Significant Oxidative Stress
3.5. GO NPs Revealed Significantly Higher Autophagy Potential than ZnO NPs
3.6. Cell Death Due to GO NPs Appeared Independent of Apoptosis
3.7. Inhibitory Effect of NAC on Induced Oxidative Stress and Cytotoxicity Due to NPs
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Physicochemical Properties |
---|---|
Color | White, powdery |
Morphology by SEM and TEM | Nanofibers |
Structural characterization by HR-TEM and XRD | Crystalline |
Elemental composition by EDS | Gd and O, no other impurities detected |
Primary TEM Features | |
Diameter | 9–23 nm (average particle diameter, 13.7 ± 6 nm) |
Length | 60–110 nm (average particle length, 54.8 ± 29 nm) |
DLS in Complete Culture Media | |
Hydrodynamic size | 489 ± 43 nm |
Zeta potential | −17 ± 4 eV |
DLS in Water | |
Hydrodynamic size | 1104 ± 134 nm |
Zeta potential | −9 ± 3 eV |
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Akhtar, M.J.; Ahamed, M.; Alhadlaq, H. Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Toxicity in Human Endothelial HUVECs via Lipid Peroxidation, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Autophagy Modulation. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10091675
Akhtar MJ, Ahamed M, Alhadlaq H. Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Toxicity in Human Endothelial HUVECs via Lipid Peroxidation, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Autophagy Modulation. Nanomaterials. 2020; 10(9):1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10091675
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkhtar, Mohd Javed, Maqusood Ahamed, and Hisham Alhadlaq. 2020. "Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Toxicity in Human Endothelial HUVECs via Lipid Peroxidation, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Autophagy Modulation" Nanomaterials 10, no. 9: 1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10091675