Factor Structure of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire (SpNQ) in Persons with Chronic Diseases, Elderly and Healthy Individuals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Factorial Structure of the SpNQ in Persons with Chronic Diseases, Elderly and Healthy Persons
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Participants
3.2. Methods
3.3. Spiritual Needs Questionnaire
3.4. Factor Structure in the Different Samples
3.5. Structured Equation Modelling
3.6. Differences between the Mean Scores of Previous and Current Version of the SpNQ
3.7. Profiles of Unmet Needs
- For Religious Needs, there were age (F = 23.8; p < 0.0001) and gender (F = 13.4; p < 0.0001) differences, but not disease/healthy differences (F = 2.2; p = 0.139). No significant interaction effects were present.
- For Existential Needs, there were significant gender (F = 13.6; p < 0.0001) and disease/healthy (F = 7.8; p = 0.005) differences, but differences in age were only at the trend level (F = 3.0; p = 0.010). There was a difference at the trend level for the combined effect of all three variables (F = 2.9; p = 0.013).
- For Inner Peace Needs, there were significant gender (F = 13.8; p < 0.0001) and disease/healthy (F = 9.8; p = 0.002) differences, but not for age (F = 1.9; p = 0.096). Again, there was a difference at the trend level for the combined effects of all three variables (F = 2.7; p = 0.018).
- For Giving/Generativity Needs, only a significant difference was found for age (F = 7.9; p < 0.0001), not for gender (F = 3.5; p = 0.062) or disease/healthy (F = 1.7; p = 0.197). There were no significant interaction effects for these three variables (F = 2.1; p = 0.064).
4. Discussion
5. Associations with Spirituality and Quality of Life
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Patients with Chronic Diseases | Healthy Persons | Elderly in Retirement Homes | All Persons | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of persons | 627 | 1158 | 313 | 2095 | |
Gender | Women | 65.5% | 18.0% | 76.0% | 40.4% |
Men | 34.5% | 82.0% | 24.0% | 59.6% | |
All | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
Age groups | <31 years | 6.5% | 39.1% | 0.0% | 24.5% |
31–40 years | 9.0% | 36.2% | 0.0% | 23.4% | |
41–50 years | 23.1% | 19.1% | 0.0% | 17.1% | |
51–60 years | 27.6% | 5.6% | 0.6% | 10.5% | |
60–70 years | 19.0% | 0.0% | 3.9% | 5.5% | |
>70 years | 14.9% | 0.0% | 95.5% | 18.9% | |
All | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% |
Persons with Chronic Diseases (n = 627) | Persons with Chronic Diseases + Elderly (n = 940) | Healthy Persons (n = 1468) | All Persons (n = 2095) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
Cronbach’s alpha | 0.88 | 0.77 | 0.75 | 0.74 | 0.87 | 0.66 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.70 | 0.87 | 0.66 | 0.69 | 0.64 | 0.60 | 0.87 | 0.73 | 0.74 | 0.71 |
N20 pray for yourself | 0.797 | 0.824 | 0.837 | 0.828 | ||||||||||||||
N23 turn to a higher presence (i.e., God, Allah, Angels) | 0.745 | 0.773 | 0.780 | 0.784 | ||||||||||||||
N21 participate at a religious ceremony (i.e., service) | 0.812 | 0.816 | 0.772 | 0.764 | ||||||||||||||
N18 pray with someone | 0.782 | 0.744 | 0.765 | 0.755 | ||||||||||||||
N19 someone prays for you | 0.775 | 0.747 | 0.746 | 0.746 | ||||||||||||||
N22 read religious/spiritual books | 0.603 | 0.335 | 0.605 | 0.618 | 0.642 | |||||||||||||
N17 be forgiven | 0.313 | 0.534 | 0.707 | 0.769 | 0.682 | |||||||||||||
N16 forgive someone from a distinct period of your life | 0.503 | 0.348 | 0.639 | 0.731 | 0.641 | 0.349 | ||||||||||||
N5 dissolve open aspects of your life | 0.515 | 0.381 | 0.666 | 0.670 | 0.563 | |||||||||||||
N11 talk about the question of meaning in life | 0.758 | 0.752 | 0.801 | 0.316 | 0.364 | 0.541 | ||||||||||||
N12 talk about the possibility of life after death | 0.351 | 0.644 | 0.706 | 0.745 | 0.381 | 0.534 | ||||||||||||
N10 find meaning in illness and/or suffering | 0.608 | 0.592 | 0.335 | 0.441 | 0.457 | 0.371 | ||||||||||||
N7 dwell at a place of quietness and peace | 0.801 | 0.369 | 0.713 | 0.766 | 0.762 | |||||||||||||
N6 plunge into beauty of nature | 0.755 | 0.363 | 0.702 | 0.470 | 0.469 | 0.590 | ||||||||||||
N8 find inner peace | 0.381 | 0.721 | 0.478 | 0.653 | 0.743 | 0.721 | 0.408 | |||||||||||
N2 talk with someone about fears and worries | 0.390 | 0.373 | 0.483 | 0.301 | 0.313 | 0.610 | 0.576 | 0.337 | ||||||||||
N26 pass own life experiences to others | 0.789 | 0.668 | 0.565 | 0.626 | ||||||||||||||
N27 assured that your life was meaningful and of value | 0.730 | 0.613 | 0.459 | 0.534 | ||||||||||||||
N15 give solace to someone | 0.599 | 0.338 | 0.646 | 0.719 | 0.698 | |||||||||||||
N14 give away something from yourself | 0.365 | 0.520 | 0.317 | 0.631 | 0.729 | 0.661 |
Religious Needs | Existential Needs | Inner Peace Needs | Giving/Generativity Needs | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Version 2.1 | New SpNQ-20 | Version 2.1 | New SpNQ-20 | Version 2.1 | New SpNQ-20 | Version 2.1 | New SpNQ-20 | |
Mean | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.55 | 0.48 | 1.21 | 1.23 | 1.09 | 1.00 |
SD | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.62 | 0.61 | 0.79 | 0.90 | 0.87 | 0.82 |
Religious Needs | Existential Needs | Inner Peace Needs | Giving/Generativity Needs | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy/Diseased | |||||
Non-diseased (healthy) persons (n = 1468) | Mean | 0.46 | 0.36 | 1.05 | 0.90 |
SD | 0.71 | 0.49 | 0.82 | 0.76 | |
Chronically diseased persons (n = 627) | Mean | 0.61 | 0.77 | 1.64 | 1.28 |
SD | 0.80 | 0.75 | 0.93 | 0.89 | |
All persons (n = 2085) | Mean | 0.51 | 0.48 | 1.23 | 1.01 |
SD | 0.74 | 0.61 | 0.90 | 0.82 | |
F value | 17.3 | 213.6 | 208.5 | 99.3 | |
p value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
Gender | |||||
Women (n = 826) | Mean | 0.78 | 0.64 | 1.49 | 1.18 |
SD | 0.84 | 0.67 | 0.87 | 0.85 | |
Men (n = 1219) | Mean | 0.32 | 0.37 | 1.04 | 0.88 |
SD | 0.60 | 0.53 | 0.86 | 0.77 | |
All persons (n = 2045) | Mean | 0.51 | 0.48 | 1.22 | 1.00 |
SD | 0.74 | 0.60 | 0.89 | 0.81 | |
F value | 209.2 | 103.3 | 137.0 | 66.8 | |
p value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
Age groups | |||||
<31 years (n = 482) | Mean | 0.78 | 0.64 | 1.49 | 1.18 |
SD | 0.23 | 0.31 | 0.92 | 0.71 | |
31–40 years (n = 462) | Mean | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.78 | 0.68 |
SD | 0.30 | 0.38 | 1.18 | 0.83 | |
41–50 years (n = 338) | Mean | 0.56 | 0.53 | 0.87 | 0.73 |
SD | 0.44 | 0.49 | 1.28 | 1.03 | |
51–60 years (n = 207) | Mean | 0.69 | 0.65 | 0.98 | 0.84 |
SD | 0.56 | 0.72 | 1.62 | 1.25 | |
61–70 years (n = 109) | Mean | 0.74 | 0.76 | 0.95 | 0.85 |
SD | 0.80 | 0.75 | 1.62 | 1.49 | |
>70 years (n = 373) | Mean | 0.86 | 0.77 | 0.85 | 0.88 |
SD | 1.06 | 0.54 | 1.25 | 1.27 | |
All ages (n = 1971) | Mean | 0.89 | 0.57 | 0.82 | 0.81 |
SD | 0.51 | 0.47 | 1.22 | 1.00 | |
F value | 80.2 | 22.8 | 25.3 | 39.9 | |
p value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
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Büssing, A.; Recchia, D.R.; Koenig, H.; Baumann, K.; Frick, E. Factor Structure of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire (SpNQ) in Persons with Chronic Diseases, Elderly and Healthy Individuals. Religions 2018, 9, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9010013
Büssing A, Recchia DR, Koenig H, Baumann K, Frick E. Factor Structure of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire (SpNQ) in Persons with Chronic Diseases, Elderly and Healthy Individuals. Religions. 2018; 9(1):13. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9010013
Chicago/Turabian StyleBüssing, Arndt, Daniela Rodrigues Recchia, Harold Koenig, Klaus Baumann, and Eckhard Frick. 2018. "Factor Structure of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire (SpNQ) in Persons with Chronic Diseases, Elderly and Healthy Individuals" Religions 9, no. 1: 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9010013