Storytelling as a Method of Supporting Couples in Crisis in the Framework of Religious Community Activities

Abstract

Marital crises are common and can arise at any stage of marriage. When facing difficulties, many spouses seek support from religious communities, which provide spiritual and emotional guidance. These communities play a vital role in marriage preparation and helping couples navigate crises. In response to rising divorce rates, changing gender roles, and economic pressures, religious communities are adapting their pastoral methods. One innovative approach is storytelling, which allows couples to connect with others’ experiences, helping rebuild trust and understanding in their marriages. This article explores the role of storytelling as a tool for supporting couples in crisis, particularly in the context of religious pastoral care, focusing on its impact on communication, marital bonding, and spiritual growth.

1. Introduction

Crises are an inherent part of married life and can affect all couples, emerging at various stages of their shared journey. A marital crisis is generally understood as a period marked by significant difficulties in the relationship between spouses, which may stem from a wide range of causes. Krystian Wojaczek offers a more specific interpretation, viewing a marital crisis as a progressive process that renders the relationship increasingly dysfunctional. According to him, this dysfunction can occur in one or more essential areas of the relationship, ultimately leading to the disintegration of the marital bond (Wojaczek 2010, pp. 133–34).

From a narrative perspective, a marital crisis may be conceptualized as a state in which a couple begins to inhabit a negatively framed story about their relationship—a narrative that not only mirrors existing difficulties but also functions as a primary source of those difficulties. The couple’s dominant narrative increasingly focuses on the adverse aspects of their partnership, such as conflict, disappointment, feelings of helplessness, and perceived limitations. Rather than narrating a shared story of mutual support, affection, and collective achievements, the partners co-construct and sustain a discourse characterized by pessimism, mutual blame, and rigid cognitive patterns.

Such a crisis is not merely the presence of challenges within the relationship, but rather, it lies in the interpretative and narrative processes through which these challenges are understood and communicated. The negative narrative begins to shape the identity of the relationship, defining it as a site of suffering and stagnation, rather than as a dynamic system with the potential for transformation and growth. In this regard, the narrative becomes a source of dysfunction in its own right—reinforcing emotional distance, disillusionment, and a sense of hopelessness.

Communication patterns play a pivotal role in this dynamic; the ways in which partners converse, respond to one another, and interpret each other’s behaviors significantly influence the maintenance or transformation of the dominant narrative. Communication may serve to perpetuate a destructive storyline or—if restructured—may facilitate the emergence of a more adaptive, supportive, and resilient narrative framework.

The earlier a couple recognizes the onset of such a crisis and initiates efforts toward narrative reconstruction, the greater the likelihood of restoring relational coherence, rebuilding mutual trust, and re-establishing a sense of meaning and connectedness within the relationship. But at these turning points in their lives, couples need someone to help them through this difficult period. Religious communities are often the first line of support for struggling spouses is religious communities.

All over the world, many such communities run pastoral services dedicated intentionally to married couples, covering both preparation for marriage and support during difficult times. Regardless of religious tradition, this support is often aimed at strengthening marital bonds, helping couples to overcome crises, and providing spiritual and emotional support in daily family life.

Undoubtedly, marital crises represent a major challenge for religious communities, which have to deal with a variety of complex issues, both spiritual and practical. Traditional pastoral approaches, based mainly on prayer, sacraments, and spiritual counseling, despite their undeniable value, are not always sufficient in the face of complex marital crises taking place in changing social and cultural circumstances. Increasing divorce rates, changing gender roles, and economic pressures have an adverse impact on married couples. Faced with these challenges, religious communities need to adapt their pastoral approach and look for new methods to support spouses more effectively. One such method is storytelling, a technique that has played an important role in communicating values, wisdom, and experiences for centuries.

Although storytelling is most commonly associated with marketing, literature, or the arts, it can also play a significant role in marriage ministry. Through the sharing of narratives of couples who have experienced similar marital crises, storytelling offers others the opportunity to identify with those experiences, draw inspiration, and gain insights into how they might address challenges in their own relationships. Through this method, religious communities can provide couples with a meaningful tool for resolving conflicts, fostering mutual understanding, and rebuilding trust.

The aim of this article is to explore the role of storytelling as a method of supporting marriages in crisis within the context of religious communities. The focus is on its potential to enhance communication, strengthen marital bonds, and contribute to the spiritual growth of both partners. Achieving this aim will help to address an existing gap in the academic literature on this subject. The analysis includes both the theoretical underpinnings of storytelling and its practical application in marriage ministry.

2. Marital Crises

Marital crises can manifest in different ways and are influenced by various causes. While some crises may arise from specific triggers, others can be related to particular stages in married life. Depending on the nature of the issues at hand, a crisis may be deep and challenging to overcome, or it may serve as a turning point that ultimately strengthens the relationship.

Marital crises can be categorized into several types. One useful framework for understanding these crises involves three main areas: crises related to communication, emotional bonding, and interaction; crises associated with intimacy, routines, and social roles; and crises caused by external stressors or life transitions.

2.1. Crises in Communication and Emotional Bonding

The first category of marital crisis involves issues related to interpersonal communication, emotional expression, and a lack of mutual support and understanding within the relationship. Among the most common types of marital crisis is a communication breakdown (Beck 1996; Prather 2014). Ineffective communication can manifest as both the absence of meaningful conversation and the use of inappropriate or harmful communication patterns. These issues often lead to increased frustration and a sense of emotional isolation within the relationship.

From a narrative perspective, a marital crisis constitutes a disruption of the coherent and supportive story that partners construct about their relationship. In stable situations, this narrative weaves together past experiences, present events, and future goals in a manner that sustains a sense of shared identity and relational cohesion. A crisis emerges when a problem-saturated narrative becomes dominant—one that is reduced, rigid, and negative, focusing on conflicts, deficiencies, and limitations while downplaying or reinterpreting the positive aspects of the relationship.

Such a disruption leads to the disintegration of the narrative “we”—the weakening of the couple’s shared identity—and its replacement with individual, often antagonistic, perspectives. Communication within the relationship ceases to serve a constructive function and instead becomes a vehicle for maintaining and reinforcing the problem-saturated narrative. The couple’s language becomes dominated by labeling, generalizations, and mutual accusations, thereby constraining the possibility of introducing alternative interpretations.

Thus, a marital crisis is understood not merely as a collection of conflicts, but as the result of a distortion or loss of narrative coherence—the very coherence that once integrated the partners’ shared experiences. Within this framework, the primary aim of therapeutic intervention is to reconstruct the couple’s narrative in a way that restores its complexity, openness, and capacity for change, thereby enabling the renewal of relational meaning and connection.

Communication plays a vital role in shaping relationship satisfaction. According to research by Hahlweg (2004, p. 213), key factors influencing marital satisfaction include open and close communication, effective conflict resolution, and emotional support provided by one’s partner.

Conversely, several communication-related behaviors have a detrimental effect on marital relationships. These include ignoring or devaluing the partner, showing no interest in the partner’s concerns, or attributing malicious intent to the partner’s behavior—particularly when that partner attempts to be open. Communication disruptions also arise from hypersensitivity and defensiveness; when one partner fears emotional pain, they may block messages or withdraw from dialogue entirely. This withdrawal is often interpreted as disregard or emotional neglect (Beck 1996, pp. 118–19; Wawrzak-Chodaczek 2017, p. 169).

Communication crises can also result from specific communication errors, such as the absence of active listening, selective attention to certain messages, and a focus on securing validation for one’s own viewpoint while disregarding the perspective of the other. Additional issues include preparing a rebuttal instead of genuinely listening, making judgments rather than expressing how a partner’s behavior affects the other, expecting the partner to intuit needs without direct communication, and resolving conflict superficially without addressing root causes (Corey and Schneider-Corey 2014, p. 411). Destructive communication patterns also involve repetitive, unresolved arguments; dismissing the partner’s point of view; personal attacks; insults; bringing up past grievances; and assigning blame.

As miscommunication deepens, it undermines critical aspects of a healthy partnership, including emotional intimacy, openness, shared identity, conflict resolution skills, sexual communication, autonomy, and mutual adaptation (Nęcki 2008, pp. 85–86). A growing body of research highlights that communication is essential for marital integration—often more so than love itself. As J. Rostowski (1987, p. 82) argues, a lack of effective communication renders love insufficient to sustain a relationship in the long term. In contrast, strong communication can maintain relationship stability even when romantic feelings diminish.

In addition to effective communication, it is essential for spouses to feel that they can rely on one another in both joyful and challenging times. A lack of emotional support—such as neglecting a partner’s emotional needs or ignoring their feelings—can lead to emotional isolation and dissatisfaction within the relationship. A crisis resulting from this emotional neglect often manifests in feelings of rejection and a profound sense of being misunderstood.

Crises in communicative interaction and emotional bonding may also stem from differences in values and expectations between spouses. These differences often originate from the value systems acquired within each partner’s family of origin, which may be either adopted or consciously rejected as they form their own marital identity (Ryś 1999, pp. 91–92). When the value systems of both spouses diverge significantly, the resulting dissonance can gradually lead to a marital crisis. Over time, spouses may begin to recognize disparities in priorities, moral beliefs, and life goals—ranging from child-rearing practices and financial decision-making to career ambitions, religious beliefs, and lifestyle choices.

Such differences, if unresolved, can intensify feelings of separation and hinder the development of a shared marital bond. Partners may begin to feel unsupported in the pursuit of individual aspirations. When one spouse fails to understand or accept the other’s goals, it can result in a sense of alienation and a diminished commitment to the relationship.

Emotional alienation can also pose a significant threat to marital fidelity. Infidelity—whether emotional, sexual, or both—typically precipitates one of the most severe forms of marital crisis. In many cultural, moral, and religious traditions, marriage is premised on the expectation of exclusive emotional and sexual involvement between spouses. A breach of this exclusivity represents not only the rejection of the spouse as the primary partner but also the erosion of the trust and intimacy that underpin the marital bond. Infidelity, in this context, is more than a behavioral transgression; it represents a profound violation of the emotional and relational foundation of the marriage (Troska 1999, pp. 65–67).

Moreover, infidelity reveals deeper relational issues. It may expose the inauthenticity or immaturity of the love between spouses, suggesting that one or both partners were not prepared for the depth of commitment required in a faithful and enduring relationship. Whether the infidelity is unilateral or mutual, it indicates an inability to embrace love in its most mature and exclusive form.

Marital infidelity, with its emotional and physical dimensions, often results in the loss of trust and presents a formidable challenge to reconciliation. Restoring a relationship in the aftermath of betrayal typically requires a high level of honesty, a willingness to work through the process of forgiveness, and often the support of marital therapy. The goal is not only to understand the underlying causes of the betrayal but also to rebuild a foundation of trust and intimacy. Even if the couple manages to overcome the immediate crisis, they may continue to struggle with sustaining emotional and physical closeness in the long term.

Regardless of the specific factors contributing to the development of marital conflict, over time, many couples lose the ability to construct a shared, constructive narrative about themselves and their relationship. Instead of maintaining a story centered on resilience, strengths, and possibilities, a dominant narrative of problems may emerge—one that gradually begins to define the couple’s shared identity.

Several interrelated processes contribute to this shift. One of the most significant is the entrenchment of a negative narrative. Marital crises often begin with repeated difficulties that, over time, become central to how the relationship is perceived. Challenges that were once seen as isolated or situational begin to be interpreted as fundamental aspects of the relationship’s history. The couple starts to view these issues as permanent, thereby reinforcing a problematic identity for the relationship.

A further contributing factor is the internalization of problems as inherent and unchangeable features of the relationship. When couples define their struggles as intrinsic to their dynamic rather than as responses to external stressors or misunderstandings, the issues are absorbed into the “internal” narrative. Phrases such as “we never understand each other” or “he/she always lets me down” reflect rigid and generalized thinking. These patterns trap the couple in a fixed narrative framework that leaves little room for change or growth.

Additionally, the problematic narrative is often accompanied by heightened feelings of guilt and resistance. Rather than recognizing issues as shared challenges, partners may assign blame to one another, interpreting relational difficulties as the result of personal failings. This blame-oriented perspective impedes empathy and mutual understanding, further exacerbating the crisis and making resolution more difficult.

When the crisis narrative becomes dominant, the couple finds it increasingly difficult to access or reconstruct positive stories about their relationship. Memories of joy, mutual support, and shared success are overshadowed by recollections of conflict and disappointment. As a result, even everyday misunderstandings or minor stressors are interpreted through the lens of ongoing dysfunction. This perspective not only perpetuates the crisis but also increases the likelihood of further conflict, as nearly every event is perceived as reinforcement of the couple’s troubled dynamic.

2.2. Crises of Intimacy, Routine, and Social Roles

Another significant category of marital crisis involves issues related to intimacy, routine, and social roles. These dimensions can substantially affect the dynamics of a relationship, often leading to emotional burnout, disconnection, and a decline in marital satisfaction.

Over time, many couples experience a crisis rooted in routine and monotony. As daily life becomes increasingly predictable and devoid of novelty, the relationship may enter a state of stagnation. The ordinariness of everyday responsibilities and the absence of new, shared experiences contribute to boredom and a reduced sense of fulfillment. This form of crisis is often accompanied by both emotional and physical distancing between partners, which can, in turn, lay the groundwork for deeper relational difficulties.

The loss of intimacy—both emotional and sexual—may result from various factors, including not only monotony but also fatigue, chronic stress, health concerns, professional pressures, past trauma, or mismatches in sexual expectations. A deficit in intimacy and closeness often produces feelings of loneliness, frustration, and emotional dissatisfaction, as well as a weakened sense of connection and safety within the relationship.

Intimacy plays a vital role in shaping relationship satisfaction, particularly as it reflects the mutual desire to cultivate openness, trust, and emotional vulnerability. According to Jankowska (2016, p. 129), genuine intimacy requires that spouses refrain from concealing matters that directly or indirectly affect their relationship. Within this framework, sexual intimacy represents a crucial element of the marital bond. A fulfilling sexual relationship significantly contributes to the maintenance of emotional closeness, reinforcing partners’ sense of security and relational unity (Plopa 2006, p. 63). Conversely, when these needs go unmet, the risk of crisis increases, often manifesting as emotional withdrawal and a decline in physical connection.

Furthermore, as marital life evolves, partners may find that their values, aspirations, and life goals begin to diverge. A change in one spouse—such as a religious conversion, a shift in career priorities, evolving interests, or a desire for a different lifestyle—can create tensions if not met with mutual understanding and acceptance. The disclosure of such changes may elicit a range of responses. On the one hand, it can foster dialogue, empathy, and support; on the other, it may result in indifference, ridicule, or even emotional invalidation. Misunderstandings in such contexts threaten the sense of partnership and can erode the emotional fabric of the relationship.

In response to emerging difficulties, spouses often adopt different coping strategies to navigate the challenges they face. These strategies can range from temporary withdrawal, easing into the situation, compromising, or even attacking one another (Dakowicz 2008, p. 71). However, avoiding direct engagement in the relationship carries significant risks. Individuals who isolate themselves deprive themselves of critical forms of recognition and emotional support, which may lead to unmet needs for validation and a decline in self-esteem (Rogoll 1995, p. 48). In marital contexts, withdrawal by both partners can result in what is referred to as “living side by side”. In this scenario, both spouses become preoccupied with their individual needs, neglecting the emotional and practical needs of the other, ultimately eroding their connection and support for one another (Tomkiewicz 2007, p. 143).

Compromise, often seen as a strategy for conflict resolution, entails balancing one’s own interests with those of the other spouse. However, it is generally regarded as a temporary solution, which may only postpone deeper confrontation. In this context, the underlying issues remain unresolved, and the actual needs and rights of both parties may not be fully addressed (Chełpa and Witkowski 2015, p. 123). Should one partner adopt an attacking stance, the crisis typically intensifies, further exacerbating the relationship strain.

Marital relationships, like all human connections, are subject to ongoing change and pass through various stages over time. Many researchers equate the stages of marriage with those of the family life cycle, particularly as the birth of children naturally follows marriage. The family life cycle model, as developed by Duvall (1977), suggests that in the second phase, couples must adjust to the imminent changes that come with parenthood.

The transition to parenthood is one such life stage that often leads to marital crisis. The increased demands on time, altered roles within the relationship, and the challenges of caring for and raising children (Ziemska 2001, pp. 45–46) can create feelings of neglect and dissatisfaction in one or both partners. If couples fail to navigate these transitions effectively, the likelihood of a deepening crisis becomes almost inevitable.

Such crises may persist or resurface in later stages of family life, particularly as differences in parenting approaches emerge. The adolescent years can destabilize marital dynamics, as divergent strategies for managing parenting roles can lead to conflict. This dissonance, if unresolved, often contributes to a growing emotional distance between partners. Prolonged tension in this phase can escalate into a full-blown crisis, negatively impacting the marital relationship.

2.3. Crises Related to External Stressors and Life Transitions

This category encompasses crises triggered by external challenges faced by spouses, which can significantly influence the broader dynamics of their relationship. These crises are often related to financial difficulties, addictions, or temporary situations arising at various stages of marriage that introduce considerable stress.

Financial challenges are among the most prevalent causes of marital crises. A survey conducted in Poland in 2002 indicated that financial concerns were the most common cause of disagreements between spouses, with 49% of couples citing finances as a central issue (Centre for Social Opinion Research 2024a, p. 4). Similar surveys conducted in 2012 yielded comparable results, with 18% of respondents highlighting a lack of money as the primary reason for family disputes (Centre for Social Opinion Research 2024b, p. 9).

One of the key areas of conflict within marriage is the management of the family budget. Both insufficient and excessive financial resources can give rise to tensions. Shortfalls in income can lead to disputes, frustration, and feelings of inadequacy, while financial surpluses may create unhealthy competition and rivalry between spouses. Such competitive attitudes may manifest in attempts by one partner to gain dominance, which can escalate into a deeper crisis (Liberska and Matuszewska 2001, p. 38). Additionally, unresolved issues related to debt, differing attitudes toward savings or spending, and unexpected financial crises (e.g., job loss or significant debt problems) can generate ongoing tensions and contribute to the destabilization of the marriage. These financial strains undermine the sense of security and stability within the relationship, often precipitating further conflict.

Addictions—whether related to alcohol, drugs, gambling, or even technology—pose a serious threat to the stability of marital relationships. The partner with an addiction often becomes emotionally unavailable, which leads to a breakdown of trust and respect within the relationship. The consequences of addiction extend beyond the individual, affecting both partners psychologically and financially.

The spouse of an individual with an addiction often faces emotional neglect caused by the addiction. The individual with an addiction may become self-centered, focusing primarily on their own needs and emotions, which leads to the erosion of mutual support within the relationship. This attitude of neglecting the emotional and physical needs of the other partner results in a loss of connection and trust, ultimately weakening the relationship (Ryś 2007, p. 57). The spouse without an addiction may experience increasing dissatisfaction in terms of security, emotional closeness, and sexual intimacy. Over time, this neglect can cause frustration and alienation, destabilizing both the individual and the couple’s relationship (Ryś 2007, p. 59).

Marital crises can also emerge as a result of transitions between significant life stages, such as retirement, the “empty nest” syndrome when children leave the home, or taking on the responsibility of caring for elderly parents. These transitions often lead to changes in daily routines, roles, and responsibilities, which can alter the dynamics of the marriage and potentially lead to conflict.

For example, the retirement phase often introduces new challenges for couples, as spouses adjust to spending more time together while facing changes in income and daily activities. Similarly, the “empty nest” phase, where children grow up and leave the family home, can lead to feelings of loss and emotional distancing between partners, as they adjust to an altered household dynamic. The shift in roles, once defined by the responsibilities of raising children, can leave one or both spouses uncertain about their purpose or connection to each other, leading to dissatisfaction and, potentially, a crisis.

Crises can also arise from sudden, unforeseen events, such as illness or the death of a close family member. These events provoke intense emotions, often leading to heightened tensions and communication breakdowns between partners. The inability to cope with such distressing events may deepen the marital crisis, as both partners struggle to manage their grief or anxiety while maintaining the relationship.

Developmental conflicts are an inherent part of the family life cycle. These conflicts arise from the natural progression of life and evolving roles and expectations within the relationship. As spouses navigate different stages of life, such as the transition from child-rearing to post-parenthood or from career-focused individuals to retirement, the differing expectations of each partner can exacerbate tensions. The changing needs and challenges faced by both spouses may lead to intensified conflicts, as each person attempts to reconcile their individual goals with the evolving demands of their shared life (Frączek 2018, p. 145).

Marital crises typically do not stem from a single, homogeneous cause; rather, they result from a complex interplay of numerous factors and issues that accumulate over time, ultimately compelling the couple to take action. Narrative therapy conceptualizes marital crises as the consequence of dominant negative narratives which, over time, can obscure the positive dimensions of the relationship. Typical examples include statements such as “he never listens to me” or “she always criticizes me”. These simplified and one-sided narratives may contribute to increasing emotional distance and a deepening sense of misunderstanding between partners. Consequently, it becomes crucial for spouses to possess the skills and resilience necessary to navigate the crisis they are experiencing. In this regard, many couples turn to their religious communities for support. These communities can play a vital role by offering guidance and assistance to couples in distress.

It is essential for these religious communities to be equipped with various methods to support married couples effectively. One such method is storytelling, which can serve as a powerful tool in helping couples in crisis. Research has confirmed the effectiveness of narrative therapy in reducing marital conflict (Hamidi et al. 2011). Through storytelling, couples can share their experiences, reflect on their relationship dynamics, and gain insight into possible solutions or coping strategies. This method not only fosters emotional connection but also provides an avenue for couples to understand their challenges from different perspectives, potentially aiding in the healing process.

3. Storytelling as a Communication Tool

3.1. The Definition of Storytelling

Storytelling is a multifaceted concept that can be defined in various ways. At its core, it involves the creative use of language and gesture to convey a sequence of scenes or events. According to Gere et al. (2002), storytelling can be described as an act of creative expression through which individuals share experiences that help them make sense of the world in the context of the present moment. This method enables people to connect with others, gain insight into different lives, and see themselves reflected in the stories of others (Gere et al. 2002, p. 9).

McDrury and Alterio (2003) further elaborate on storytelling, suggesting that it is a uniquely human activity that enables us to communicate aspects of ourselves, others, and the worlds—both real and imagined—in which we live. Through storytelling, individuals are able to make sense of their environments, understand their role within them, and recognize how both personal and collective stories shape our identities, experiences, and understanding of history (p. 31).

Despite the differences in phrasing, these definitions share a common understanding of storytelling as a process of sharing ideas, emotions, and experiences through narrative. The purpose of storytelling is to communicate meaning, whether through words, gestures, or actions. While storytelling can take many forms, the central goal remains the same: to convey an understanding of life and experience.

Storytelling is a complex communicative process that involves both the telling and interpretation of narratives, utilizing various narrative techniques. As one of the oldest and most universal forms of communication, storytelling plays a critical role in conveying experiences, events, and information not only within literature but also across diverse fields, such as marketing, education, and media.

In a scholarly context, storytelling is often seen as a strategic approach to crafting engaging, emotional, and educational narratives. These narratives have the power to influence audience perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors. A well-crafted story can capture attention, evoke deep emotional responses, and communicate values, ideas, and lessons. Thus, storytelling is not merely about recounting events but also about shaping the way in which individuals or communities perceive their world and about inspiring action.

In the media, storytelling serves as a foundational element in content creation, whether in films, news articles, television programs, or radio broadcasts. Its versatility makes it a compelling tool for delivering information in a manner that is not only engaging but also accessible, fostering a deeper understanding and reflection on the topics being presented.

Therefore, storytelling is more than just a method of sharing stories; it is a powerful communication tool that facilitates the exchange of ideas, values, and information in a manner that resonates with audiences. This makes storytelling one of the most effective means of communication in contemporary interpersonal, educational, and media contexts.

3.2. The Evolution of Storytelling: From Ancient Stories to Digital Narratives

Storytelling is one of the oldest and most universal forms of communication. Its origins are intertwined with the development of language, culture, and society, as well as with the social and psychological processes of transmitting knowledge, values, traditions, and generational experiences. The modern understanding of storytelling encompasses both traditional narrative forms and contemporary media, with its roots traceable to prehistoric times.

Storytelling emerged from primal forms of communication designed to convey essential information related to survival and social bonding. Before the advent of writing, people relied on oral traditions to share their experiences, beliefs, and explanations of natural phenomena. These early narratives were often mythological, legendary, or religious in nature and were passed down orally through generations.

One of the early proto-literary forms was the so-called mythogram, a memory-enhancing tool that laid the foundation for oral storytelling (Kuckenburg 2006, p. 120). This also included cave paintings, the full meaning of which remains largely mysterious. However, their narrative character is undeniable. These paintings depicted scenes from daily life, such as hunting, wars, and spiritual beliefs, representing the first visual form of storytelling. Tribal communities also began crafting legends and myths to explain the natural world and humankind’s place within it and to communicate moral principles.

As civilizations advanced, stories became more organized and structured. In ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Greece, narratives were written down, enabling their preservation and wider dissemination. In ancient Greece, storytelling took the form of tragedy and comedy, integral to the culture. Through figures like Homer, stories about heroes (e.g., the Iliad and Odyssey) became foundational to Western literary culture. The Greeks recognized the power of storytelling not only to entertain but also to educate and instill moral lessons, highlighting the deep connection between narrative and societal values.

From the Middle Ages onward, narratives became instrumental in shaping collective social consciousness (Xiberras 2010). Minstrels, bards, and troubadours, traveling through villages, towns, and royal courts, played a pivotal role in this transmission. These stories, often centered around knights, love, honor, and betrayal, took the form of chivalric romances, folk tales, and legends that reflected the beliefs and values of the community.

In the Islamic world, the tradition of folk tales and fairy tales flourished, with the Tales of 1001 Nights being a prime example. Originally an oral tradition, these tales were transcribed into Arabic manuscripts over several centuries (Mamet-Michalkiewicz 2013, p. 117). In Arab culture, storytelling was not only an art form but also an educational tool, imparting wisdom and life lessons.

The following centuries marked a significant revolution in storytelling with the advent of printing. The mass production of books enabled a broader social audience for literary works. Authors like Shakespeare, Cervantes, and Machiavelli played a critical role in transforming storytelling from an oral tradition into a written and dramatic form. During this period, the classical literary genres of novels, drama, and epic poetry emerged, reshaping storytelling by clearly distinguishing fictional from factual forms.

The 20th century witnessed further shifts in the storytelling landscape with the advent of new media such as photography, cinema, and radio. These innovations allowed for the mass dissemination of stories and expanded narrative possibilities. While literature continued to be a dominant mode of storytelling, visual and auditory media gained popularity, bringing stories into new realms of engagement. In cinema, storytelling evolved into a complex process where editing, cinematic techniques, and emotional resonance played pivotal roles in captivating audiences. Directors like Charlie Chaplin, Alfred Hitchcock, and Orson Welles revolutionized the art of cinematic storytelling by introducing innovative narrative techniques. They harnessed the full potential of film, blending visuals, sound, and pacing to craft intricate and emotionally engaging narratives. Their contributions helped shape cinema as not only a medium for storytelling but also a tool for influencing audience perceptions and emotions.

The development of radio and television in the twentieth century significantly influenced the mass distribution of stories, making them widely accessible through television series and radio programs. These new communication forms became a permanent fixture in daily life, allowing stories to engage listeners and viewers on an unprecedented scale. This shift marked a pivotal moment for storytelling, as it expanded into fields like advertising and marketing, becoming a crucial tool for building identities and shaping communication strategies. In these areas, stories were used not only to craft images and reinforce messages but also to create emotional connections with audiences. This approach had a profound impact on shaping public opinion and influencing consumer decisions.

In today’s era of information overload, well-constructed stories continue to capture attention, infusing meaning and power into the messages they carry, while less compelling narratives are pushed to the margins of everyday life (Mistewicz 2011a). Contemporary storytelling is now undergoing another transformation, driven by advancements in new technologies like the Internet, social media, computer games, and virtual reality. Digital storytelling introduces interactivity, allowing the audience to become active participants in the narrative, shaping how the story unfolds. Notable examples of this evolution include the rise of storytelling in computer games and the development of transmedia narratives, where stories span across various platforms—such as books, films, games, websites, and social media—creating immersive, multi-layered experiences.

3.3. Elements of Effective Storytelling

Storytelling consists of several essential components that, when combined, form the macro-structure of a narrative. These necessary elements include the message, conflict, characters, and plot (Fog et al. 2013, p. 21).

The message is the central theme or purpose of the story, providing the foundation for the narrative. It serves as the story’s thematic axis, and the structure of the story makes this message digestible and comprehensible. For clarity, a story should contain one main message. If multiple messages are conveyed, they must be structured logically and coherently to ensure that they are understood (Fog et al. 2013, p. 44).

Conflict is the driving force behind a narrative. It not only enhances the message but also contributes to the structure of the story. Conflict gives depth to the narrative, intensifying emotions and engaging the audience on a personal level. It is the emotions surrounding the conflict that turn passive reception into an active experience, allowing the audience to identify with the characters and participate in the unfolding events. Conflict has been a fundamental tool in art for centuries, serving as the foundation for drama and storytelling. In Greek tragedies, for instance, conflict allowed the audience to reflect on moral choices, often making decisions based on conflicting values. Contemporary brands also use conflict in their narratives to communicate values, demonstrate ideological affiliation, and take a stand on social, political, or ethical issues, thus defining their worldview and positioning (Hajdas 2011, p. 118).

Character development is another crucial element of storytelling. Characters follow specific frameworks and patterns that shape their roles in the narrative. These structures appear in both traditional folk tales and classic fairy tales and contemporary narratives, particularly those produced in Hollywood.

Vladimir Propp, in his analysis of fairy tales, identified 31 character functions, which form a closed set of motifs that occur within a plot. These functions, after the outlining of the initial situation, reveal themselves in an orderly sequence, with each function logically following the previous one. According to Propp, characters often fall into one of seven main types that are integral to a complete narrative structure. These types include the antagonist, the donor, the magical helper, the wronged person or victim, the person who sets the hero on their journey, the false hero, and the true hero (Propp 1968, pp. 209–17).

Characters in storytelling serve as transmitters of experience and emotion, allowing the audience to form a deep connection with the narrative. Well-developed characters enable viewers to identify with them, empathize with their dilemmas, and understand their motivations. It is essential that the audience can grasp the thought processes and decisions of the characters, making their choices, even when morally ambiguous, relatable and understandable. By recognizing their own beliefs and experiences in a character’s values, viewers can experience an emotional journey that often leads to catharsis or a deeper understanding of human nature. As Klaus Fog, Christian Budtz, Philip Munch, and Stephen Blanchette note, this process involves forming a profound emotional connection with the character, which, in turn, prompts self-reflection on the viewer’s own life and values (Fog et al. 2013, pp. 48–50).

The plot, a sequence of events, should not be overly complex. It must balance the prominence of conflict and character development while effectively conveying the story’s central moral or message. The fundamental structure of any plot includes a beginning, middle, and end, though contemporary stories may present these elements in varying configurations. The plot functions as the cohesive force that binds together the different narrative components, and it is crucial for the successful portrayal of characters and conflict, thereby allowing the audience to fully understand the intended message (Kania 2021, p. 953).

While the essential components of storytelling form the foundation of the narrative, additional optional elements can enhance and expand the story. These structural or thematic components can provide depth, increase the multidimensionality of the story, or open the door to multiple interpretations. Examples of these optional elements include background, descriptions, dialogue, monologues, plot twists, and moral lessons.

A well-crafted, believable background is fundamental to a story’s effectiveness. Whether the setting is based on the real world or exists within a completely fictional universe, it serves as the foundation for both plot and character development. A strong background creates narrative coherence and offers the audience insight into the world of the story. The credibility of the setting—both logically and emotionally—ensures the audience’s engagement and acceptance of the story’s context.

Vivid, sensory descriptions play an integral role in enriching the narrative experience. Detailed depictions of scenery, characters, or events—whether related to sight, sound, touch, taste, or smell—engage the viewer’s senses, creating a more immersive experience. These descriptions not only help the audience understand the events but allow them to experience them more fully, fostering a deeper emotional connection with the story. When imagery is combined with emotional resonance, it elevates the narrative, making it memorable and impactful. A well-crafted story with strong sensory elements can leave a lasting impression, ensuring that it stays with the audience long after it ends.

Dialogue plays a critical role in introducing emotions and conflicts and in depicting characters. Through the interactions between characters, the audience is able to observe the dynamics of relationships, as well as the subtle tensions and contradictions that evolve throughout the narrative. The value of dialogue lies in its ability to convey information in a natural, engaging way, while also offering deeper insight into the characters’ motivations and emotional states.

On the other hand, internal monologues—expressions of a character’s inner thoughts—serve an equally vital function in storytelling. These monologues provide the audience with a window into the character’s thought processes, revealing internal conflicts, doubts, and psychological shifts. Internal monologues allow for the exploration of a protagonist’s internal perspective, creating a more comprehensive view of their development and decision-making. This, in turn, deepens the emotional connection between the viewer and the character, enriching the overall narrative (Bowden et al. 2016, pp. 4–6).

In storytelling, managing emotions effectively and carefully planning the chronology of events are essential for creating an engaging and impactful narrative. One key technique is the careful placement of a twist—a moment when the protagonist achieves a decisive victory or faces a pivotal challenge. This climax, often accompanied by strong emotional peaks, helps maintain the dynamic pace of the story, balancing tension and release. By crafting these turning points thoughtfully, the storyteller ensures that the message resonates more powerfully, delivering a satisfying emotional payoff for the audience.

Storytelling is not merely about recounting events; it serves as a powerful means of communicating deeper ideas, moral lessons, and reflections on life. While not every story needs to convey an explicit message, many tales subtly weave in lessons that the characters learn from their experiences. These messages often relate to ethical, philosophical, social, or personal matters, reflecting on human choices, values, and the consequences of actions.

In storytelling, various elements align closely with the theme of the narrative. In the context of supporting married couples in crisis, storytelling becomes an effective tool for religious communities. It allows them to transmit values while also creating a space for reflection on difficult life situations. Stories in which characters face crises and ultimately find reconciliation can provide inspiration and support for couples navigating challenges in their own relationships.

When exploring marriage and couples’ problems from a narrative perspective, it is important to also consider narrative therapy, a psychotherapeutic approach that focuses on how people construct their lives and identities through stories. This approach helps individuals understand how the stories they tell themselves shape their perceptions of their lives and relationships, offering a valuable framework for supporting couples in crisis.

3.4. Storytelling in Psychotherapy

Storytelling serves as a cornerstone of narrative therapy, especially in family and couples therapy, offering a transformative tool for exploring and healing relationships. It creates a safe and supportive space where couples or family members can share their experiences, enabling a deeper understanding of their complex emotions and past events. Through storytelling, individuals can express themselves authentically, promoting a stronger connection and greater empathy within relationships.

In narrative therapy, stories play a vital role in helping couples and families gain clarity about their emotions and experiences. When individuals tell their own stories, they organize their thoughts and feelings into a coherent narrative. This process helps uncover the root causes of relationship challenges, facilitating the development of strategies for coping with difficulties and making positive changes. This therapeutic approach, which focuses on adapting to adversity and overcoming relational crises, aligns well with the goals of using storytelling as a healing tool.

Narrative family therapy, developed by Michael White and David Epston, is a collaborative, community-based therapeutic approach that examines the multiple narratives shaping an individual’s life (White and Epston 1990). Rooted in family therapy, this approach incorporates ideas from postmodernism, social constructivism, and the work of Michel Foucault. Postmodernism challenges traditional beliefs about objective truths and allows for the acceptance of multiple perspectives (Ellaway 2020), while social constructivism emphasizes the influence of the social context in shaping ideas and attitudes (Rees et al. 2020).

Narrative theory questions the concept of “objective truths” and encourages individuals to reflect on the personal stories that shape their identities. These stories are often deeply ingrained and influence behavior, emotions, and mental health. By analyzing and, if necessary, reframing these stories, individuals can shift their identities and develop more effective ways to cope with challenges (Doan 1997).

In narrative therapy, families are seen as systems with rich, shared histories that influence their present interactions. The therapist does not label the family or its members negatively but instead focuses on exploring past narratives that may contribute to current struggles. This approach fosters a more open, growth-oriented space, allowing for change and new possibilities within relationships (Leslie 2011, p. 316).

Clients in narrative therapy are treated as experts in their own lives. They are encouraged to reflect on the multiple stories influencing their experiences and to identify cultural and historical contexts that may have shaped these stories (Denborough 2012). By “double listening”—attending to both the narrative itself and the client’s response to the problem—therapists help clients explore their own strengths and skills to adapt to difficulties (MacLeod et al. 2018; White 2004). One key technique in narrative therapy is externalizing talk, which separates the problem from the person, allowing for a more objective perspective on the issue and facilitating a shift in how the problem is addressed (White 2007). This approach also helps identify the skills and resources necessary for overcoming or adapting to relational challenges (MacLeod et al. 2018; White 2004).

In narrative family therapy, the therapist and client work together to explore the stories that shape the client’s life and relationships. This therapeutic approach shifts the focus from the problem itself to the broader narrative context in which the problem occurs. The goal is to help family members understand how their stories influence their identities and interpersonal dynamics.

One of the key tools used in narrative therapy is the narrative map, which helps clients identify and challenge negative or limiting stories, opening up space for new, more empowering narratives. Language plays a crucial role in this process—words and phrases used by family members significantly shape their thoughts and emotions. By analyzing the language of clients, the therapist can help them recognize patterns and assumptions that may hinder growth. This technique enables clients to reconstruct their stories, offering opportunities for change, personal growth, and a more positive outlook on their situations (White 2007, p. 9).

Storytelling in narrative family therapy serves a powerful function in externalizing problems, helping families separate challenges from their identity. This process encourages family members to view their difficulties as external to them rather than as intrinsic to their personal identity. By reinterpreting and reconstructing their narratives, families can gain a fresh perspective on their problems, making it easier to approach challenges with a sense of flexibility and agency. This shift promotes resolution, supports personal growth, and fosters healthier family dynamics.

Narrative family therapy emphasizes the importance of personal and family stories in shaping identity and mental health. The narratives that families create and hold are fundamental to how they understand themselves and relate to one another. By analyzing and transforming these stories, families gain new insights into their experiences, leading to improved mental health and a more cohesive family identity.

In this therapy, therapists focus on helping clients develop multiple stories—the telling and creation of preferred narratives. The aim is not to eliminate or resolve problematic stories, but to explore the diverse range of narratives that shape human experience. A problematic story, when seen as one thread in the broader tapestry of life, can lose its dominant power and meaning. By viewing life through the lens of multiple stories, individuals can shift their perspectives and identify with a more varied set of narratives, enhancing their capacity to adapt and grow (Freedman 2014, p. 11).

Ultimately, narrative therapy works with families to reframe their life stories in ways that foster healing and improve relationships. The goal is to help individuals and families gain a deeper understanding of themselves and each other, promoting better communication, emotional connection, and overall mental health.

In narrative couples therapy, the focus shifts primarily to the relationship story itself. The goal is to help partners understand how their shared experiences have shaped their relationship dynamics. By exploring these narratives together, couples can reframe their relationship stories in a way that fosters mutual support, harmony, and deeper emotional intimacy.

Narrative therapy conceptualizes marriage as a dynamic relationship, the meaning and structure of which are shaped by the stories that partners tell about each other and about their relationship. Rather than viewing marriage as a static institution, narrative therapy focuses on how these stories construct the identity of the couple and influence their interactions (Combs and Freedman 1999). At times, questions of relational identity lie at the heart of the therapeutic process, as illustrated by an example provided by Freedman and Combs (2004).

Betty, a university professor, and Ron, a carpenter, sought therapy due to increasing emotional distance and misunderstandings in their relationship. Class and occupational differences were influencing their connection—Betty felt that Ron did not respect her professional work, while Ron perceived that Betty was ashamed of him. Although they had initially promised to support each other’s professional development, Ron eventually abandoned his own aspirations, which left Betty feeling disappointed.

Over the course of therapy, it became evident that Betty had not fully appreciated the extent to which Ron had supported her career—from taking over domestic responsibilities to daily acts of care. The therapeutic conversations helped them recognize their mutual influence; Betty was able to fully inhabit her identity as a professor thanks to Ron’s support, and Ron regained a sense of being a valued and appreciated partner.

A key turning point was the realization that what matters more than changing one’s partner is understanding who one becomes in relation to the other. For Betty, this meant focusing on her own personal growth within the relationship; for Ron, it involved expanding his sense of self-worth as a husband and as a supportive partner.

Narrative therapy provides an effective framework for couples therapy, promoting open communication and collaboration between partners. By focusing on shared narratives, couples gain deeper insights into their relationship dynamics, which facilitates healing and personal growth. In this therapeutic approach, partners learn to articulate common issues, give them a name, and explore their impact on the relationship. This process enables them to view difficulties as external to each other, which helps to reduce blame and prevent the escalation of conflicts. By externalizing problems, couples can approach their challenges with a more cooperative mindset, allowing for constructive problem-solving and fostering the creation of effective solutions.

In narrative couples therapy, storytelling serves as a vital tool for understanding the dynamics of the relationship. By examining shared narratives, couples can identify patterns and assumptions that contribute to dissatisfaction or conflict. This understanding allows for a deeper exploration of the underlying sources of problems, leading to better communication and mutual understanding. The techniques used in narrative therapy encourage an open exchange of thoughts and emotions, creating a space where both partners can share their experiences and feelings. As a result, the process fosters connection, empathy, and understanding, ultimately strengthening the relationship and enhancing its resilience in the face of adversity (Rosen and Lang 2005, pp. 170–72).

One of the primary benefits of narrative couples therapy is its ability to enable partners to co-create solutions to their problems. By exploring different versions of their shared story, couples can discover effective coping strategies and develop a more harmonious and supportive relationship environment. The collaborative nature of this therapy empowers couples to take ownership of their narratives, which often leads to positive changes and deeper satisfaction in the relationship.

This approach is particularly effective for resolving issues that stem from poor communication, misunderstandings, or repetitive dysfunctional patterns of behavior. Through storytelling, couples can express their feelings, concerns, and expectations of each other. This process incorporates different voices and perspectives, which helps in building a shared narrative that fosters healthy relationships and communication.

This aligns with the core aims of marriage, which include the creation of shared meaning, mutual support, and the co-construction of a shared life narrative. Narratives play a central role in this process, serving as the primary means through which partners construct meaning, interpret experiences, and shape their relational identity.

Firstly, a shared narrative enables the couple to understand their identity in relational terms, answering the following question: “Who are we as a couple?” Secondly, the way in which the past is narrated—including conflicts, crises, and turning points—influences how these events are understood and what significance is attributed to them. Reframing negative experiences as integral parts of a coherent life story can enhance the couple’s resilience and sense of unity.

Thirdly, narrative serves a projective function—it allows the couple to imagine a future together and articulate shared goals, dreams, and plans, which in turn underpin relational continuity and motivation for joint action. Finally, narratives foster empathy and understanding, enabling partners to actively listen to each other’s stories and adopt one another’s perspectives. In this way, storytelling and story-listening become forms of dialogue that promote closeness and strengthen the emotional bond (Ghavibazou et al. 2020).

In the context of narrative and family therapy, storytelling is more than just a communication technique—it is a key tool for transformation. By telling and reinterpreting their stories, both individuals and families can discover new ways of coping with problems, shift negative patterns, and cultivate healthier, more supportive relationships. The collaborative creation of new narratives becomes the foundation of the therapeutic process, promoting both individual and systemic change within the family.

4. Practical Tips for Using Storytelling to Support Married Couples in Crisis

Storytelling is a powerful tool for helping couples build deeper connections and navigate through crises. In religious communities, it can create a space for couples to reflect on their experiences, rediscover shared values, and strengthen their relationship. By encouraging couples to share their personal stories, facilitators can foster empathy and allow a couple to better understand each other’s feelings and perspectives. Storytelling also allows couples to externalize problems, reducing blame and helping them work together as a team. It provides them an opportunity to reframe their relationship, focusing on positive moments and shared goals and reconnecting with the values that brought them together. Additionally, storytelling promotes improved communication, as it encourages active listening and the open expression of concerns. It also creates a safe, non-judgmental space for couples to process emotions and begin healing. By reflecting on their shared experiences, couples can reaffirm their commitment and find solutions together, ultimately strengthening their bond. Through these methods, religious communities can help couples in crisis rediscover their connection and navigate challenges more effectively.

4.1. The Use of Storytelling During Workshops and Meetings with Married Couples

Many people, especially during difficult times, find it hard to express their emotions and needs. Storytelling creates a safe space where individuals can openly share their experiences, helping them better understand one another. This approach breaks down barriers, builds trust, and enhances communication. Workshop facilitators can encourage couples to share stories about their relationship, from its beginnings to both joyful and challenging moments. Each story may highlight what is working in the relationship and areas that need improvement. This process helps identify strengths and uncover opportunities for growth.

Storytelling also provides a unique way to view difficult situations from different perspectives. In marriage and family workshops, participants can share stories of conflicts, misunderstandings, and crises in ways that promote empathy and mutual understanding. Listening to stories of challenges faced by other couples enables each partner to see the situation through the other’s eyes, fostering deeper emotional awareness.

For example, a couple might share the story of how a crisis occurred, discussing not only the events but also their feelings, concerns, and needs at the time. This opens the door for honest dialogue, allowing each person to express their emotions and gain a clearer understanding of how their actions impact their partner. Such storytelling sessions can facilitate emotional healing, helping couples to resolve conflicts and rebuild their relationship.

During periods of change—such as the birth of a child, moving to a new home, or a career change—couples may face tensions that challenge their understanding of one another. Storytelling allows them to integrate and share stories that demonstrate the strengths of their marriage and their ability to overcome hardships. By reflecting on shared experiences, spouses can recognize how they have grown together and how diverse challenges have helped to forge a stronger bond.

Couples can also create a shared narrative about their relationship. In a workshop, each partner might tell a story about what makes them feel loved and respected in their marriage, or recount a time when they supported each other through difficulty. These exercises promote a sense of community, strengthen emotional connections, and enhance mutual understanding.

Additionally, storytelling can uncover the core values that shape a marriage and family. Stories about the past, behavioral patterns, and values passed down through generations provide insight into how these elements influence relationships and marital growth. Creating a narrative about overcoming challenging times can highlight the importance of values such as patience, respect, forgiveness, and loyalty. For example, a family might share a story of how they navigated a health or financial crisis together, illustrating how their values helped them overcome obstacles and emerge stronger.

Regardless of the crisis at hand, faith communities can use storytelling to help couples rediscover each other by sharing their personal stories. This process fosters deeper connections, restores intimacy, and promotes mutual understanding—critical elements for a couple’s recovery from a crisis.

4.2. A Model of Supporting a Marriage in Crisis Based on Storytelling

Religious communities can effectively use storytelling to support married couples in crisis, helping them better understand their struggles, find solutions, and strengthen their bond through difficult times. Marriages can be supported through a narrative approach to storytelling and story-sharing. Capps (1998) proposes a model of pastoral care that integrates narrative techniques with spiritual guidance, enabling couples to explore, understand, and transform their life stories within a religious context. He identifies three primary types of narrative that can play a significant role in therapeutic processes and in strengthening marital relationships.

The first is the inspirational narrative, which focuses on the positive aspects of life, emphasizing the importance of hope, inner strength, and motivation to act. This type of narrative can help couples recognize the constructive elements of their shared story and identify sources of support and resilience during challenging times.

The second is the paradoxical narrative, which aims to raise awareness of contradictions and ambiguities inherent in life. Through the acceptance of difficulties and ambivalent experiences, couples learn flexibility and adaptability and develop the capacity to function within conditions of uncertainty and change.

The third is the miraculous narrative, which highlights transformative moments, spiritual experiences, and events of deep existential significance. Such narratives can lead to inner transformation and the deepening of the relationship by uncovering a new, more meaningful sense of shared life. The use of these three narrative types can serve as a valuable tool in therapeutic work, particularly within religious communities, which often function as spaces of support and reflection. They allow for the re-reading and reinterpretation of experienced difficulties, and the construction of a new, more coherent and hope-filled story of marriage.

Religious communities can implement this narrative approach on various levels. One such form is the facilitation of marriage encounters, which may include workshops and support groups, offering couples the opportunity to share their stories and experiences. These gatherings create a safe environment conducive to reflection, empathy, and mutual understanding. Through narrative sharing, couples often discover new meanings in past events and strengthen their sense of connectedness and community.

Another practice involves individual pastoral conversations, through which couples can engage in a deeper exploration of their personal and shared narratives. In these encounters, the pastoral caregiver, acting as a companion and guide, can assist in identifying dominant patterns of thinking, recognizing destructive relational dynamics, and pointing toward alternative perspectives and possibilities for change. Such sessions may serve as a starting point for spiritual and emotional healing within the relationship.

A narrative approach can also be integrated into religious teaching, particularly in connection with biblical and spiritual messages. Couples’ life stories can be paralleled with those of biblical figures, providing a new interpretive context and depth. This enables believers to understand their own experiences in the light of faith and to find hope and strength within their religious tradition.

In summary, storytelling in this context can include biblical stories, testimonies from other couples, and community narratives that demonstrate how faith and religious values can be applied to everyday married life. Below is a storytelling-based model designed to assist marriages in crisis by integrating both spiritual values and narrative techniques.

Model structure:

Stories of love and forgiveness in the Bible and other holy books

Religious texts often contain powerful stories about families and marriages that faced crises but overcame them through faith, perseverance, and forgiveness. Stories such as those of Job, Ruth and Boaz, and Mary and Joseph and Jesus’ teachings on love and forgiveness can inspire couples facing their own struggles. They can be considered as inspirational narratives. Their aim is to strengthen the positive image of marriage and present it as a space for spiritual and emotional growth.

The potential of biblical narratives as inspiring models is here recognized, offering couples a point of reference, a source of reflection, and a means of deepening their relational bond. Such a practice may hold therapeutic, communal, and spiritual value—fostering a deeper understanding of both one another and of God.

From the perspective of narrative and sacramental theology, the stories of Christian couples are not merely shaped by Scripture but become integrated into the very story of salvation. Marriage does not simply imitate biblical patterns; rather, it participates in the salvific reality wherein the everyday experience of married life becomes a locus of divine activity.

Understood in this way, incorporation into the biblical narrative entails not merely drawing inspiration from the text, but an existential embodiment of its logic and dynamics.

Application example:

A community meeting where a clergy member or leader tells a relevant Bible story related to love and forgiveness in marriage, followed by a discussion on how these values can be applied to the couples’ lives.

Testimonies of other marriages

Couples experiencing crises may find hope and encouragement from stories of others who have faced similar struggles. Real-life testimonies of couples who have navigated difficulties and restored their relationships through faith and mutual effort can serve as a source of inspiration. They can be intertwined with miraculous narratives, where a couple recounts how, during a major crisis (e.g., separation), they experienced a profound moment of spiritual awakening—through prayer, a retreat, or a conversation with a clergy member. Viewing reconciliation not merely as a result of therapy but as an act of grace becomes an encouragement for others to recognize the presence of God as an active participant in the marriage’s story.

Application example:

Organizing meetings where couples share their personal stories of overcoming crises, supported by prayer, community assistance, and personal growth, helping others to find the strength to tackle their own challenges.

Creative workshops using storytelling

Workshops that encourage couples to create their own narratives can foster connection and understanding. Each couple can co-create stories about their marriage, focusing on the challenges they faced and how they overcame them. Actively participating in the creation of their story helps couples engage deeply in the recovery process.

Application example:

Couples craft stories about their relationship, detailing both the crisis and how they emerged stronger. They then share their stories in groups, allowing them to recognize the resilience of their relationship and find new solutions to current issues. This collaborative storytelling process can lead to actionable steps like setting mutual goals and creating a detailed plan for improving their relationship.

Creating a narrative through a religious community

The community can create a collective narrative about how couples within the group are supported by their faith and how the community helps them through crises. A shared story focusing on spiritual support, prayer, and mutual encouragement can offer hope to those struggling.

Application example:

Creating a series of stories that combine biblical teachings, personal testimonies, and community experiences. These narratives could be shared through books, videos, or online platforms, offering couples inspiration and a sense of connection.

Psychological and spiritual storytelling sessions

Communities can organize sessions where couples share their stories in front of a group, analyze them from both spiritual and psychological perspectives, and receive support and guidance from both clergy and psychologists. Storytelling in this format can catalyze emotional and spiritual change.

Application example:

Couples engage in storytelling sessions where their crises are discussed, and they receive practical advice on resolving issues from both psychological and spiritual perspectives. This approach helps spouses understand each other’s emotions, fostering empathy and a deeper bond.

Stories of perseverance and hope

Sharing stories of perseverance and mutual support in the face of hardships like illness, bereavement, or financial strain can reinforce the idea that marriage is not only a time of joy but also a shared journey through adversity. A paradoxical narrative may be useful in this context. Although couples face crises, these do not result in separation—on the contrary, paradoxically, they lead to greater honesty and forgiveness.

Application example:

Organizing lectures or meetings where couples share their experiences of facing tough situations, such as illness or job loss, emphasizing the importance of perseverance, patience, and mutual cooperation.

The storytelling-based model of marriage support is a versatile and universally applicable framework that can be adapted to any religious community, taking cultural contexts into account. By using storytelling, religious communities can provide valuable support for couples in crisis. Stories of love, forgiveness, and sacrifice, along with real-life experiences from other couples, offer inspiration and practical guidance. Through this method, couples not only feel understood and less isolated but also recognize that a shared approach to handling crises is key to restoring balance and strengthening their relationship.

5. Summary

Marital crises are complex and multifaceted, shaped by various factors, including communication issues, emotional challenges, intimate difficulties, and external stressors. These crises can manifest in different ways depending on their causes and the stage of the marriage. Poor communication, a lack of emotional support, and misaligned values are key factors destabilizing relationships. Intimacy issues, routine problems, and social role conflicts also significantly impact marital sustainability, especially in cases of emotional burnout or changes brought on by family development. External stressors like financial difficulties, addiction, or life changes often exacerbate crises, making it necessary for couples to receive appropriate support to overcome these challenges.

Storytelling, as a powerful communication tool, can play a critical role in helping couples in crisis. It offers a way to ease tensions, rebuild trust, and help couples view their struggles from a new perspective. By utilizing narrative elements such as conflict, characters, plot, and problem-solving, storytelling helps reframe the crisis not just as a threat but as an opportunity for change and growth. A well-crafted narrative allows couples to process their difficulties emotionally and meaningfully, facilitating a deeper understanding of each other and their relationship.

In the context of religious communities, storytelling can serve as a key tool in supporting marriages in crisis. Sharing stories of love, forgiveness, and perseverance allows couples to connect, understand each other better, and gain new insights into their problems. Joint storytelling and the sharing of testimonies from other couples provide a sense of hope and motivation to work on the relationship, reinforcing the belief that crises can be overcome. The storytelling-based model of marriage support, which integrates biblical stories and workshops, helps couples understand their struggles, improve communication, and find solutions. This process not only aids in overcoming crises but also strengthens the spiritual dimension of the marriage, fostering security and unity during challenging times.

The storytelling-based support model presents an innovative approach for religious communities to assist couples in crisis by blending narrative elements with religious values in the therapeutic process. Future research could explore the effectiveness of this model across different religious contexts and adapt it to meet the specific needs of various communities. It would also be valuable to test the model’s effectiveness with individuals who struggle to verbalize their experiences or in situations where spouses have differing views on religious values.