“γάλα ἀντὶ αἵματος”—An Unwonted Hagiographic Topos
Abstract
:“I have not found a more exciting, more extraordinary reading than the Lives of the Saints. No sensational fact reported today by the press or television exceeds in novelty and sensational what I have already read and learned from the lives of the saints”.Virgil Gheorghiu, Pourquoi m’a-t-on appele Virgil? (1968)
1. Introduction
2. “Milk Flowed Instead of Blood”—The Evidence from the Menaia
3. Acta Sanctorum
“the archaeological discoveries are authoritatively confirmed in literary sources and literary sources are faithfully reflected in archaeological discoveries. But why, as we have already wondered, is there such an imposing and prolonged explosion of the white-blooded cult of martyrs in the early modern age?”
4. Motherhood, Innocence, Testimony
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
1 | The kanon of St Eupsychius (9 April) states that: “Thy divine head was cut off with a blow from a sword, O valiant martyr, and instead of blood thou didst miraculously pour forth milk and water, and didst draw the ignorant to understanding, receiving ineffable glory and granting great mercy to all by thy divine mediations.” |
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No. | Name of Martyr | Day of Celebration | Year of Death | Place of Death | Persecutor Emperor |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Eupsychius | 7 September | 2nd century | Caesarea of Cappadocia | Hadrian (117–138) |
9 April | 362–363 A.D. | Julian (361–362) | |||
2 | Pistis (Faith) | 17 September | 2nd century | Rome | Hadrian (117–138) |
3 | Sebastiani | 24 October | 1st century | Marcianopolis | Domitian (81–96) |
4 | Terentius | 28 October | 250 | Carthage | Decius (249–251) |
5 | Bonifacius | 19 December | 303–305 A.D. | Tarsus | Diocletian (284–305) |
6 | Pompios/Pompeius | 5 April (and 10 April) | 250 | Carthage | Decius (249–251) |
7 | Anect | 27 June | 303–305 A.D. | Caesarea of Cappadocia | Diocletian (284–305) |
8 | Paul | 29 June | 67 A.D. | Roma | Nero (54–68) |
9 | Christina | 24 July | Tyre | ||
10 | Panteleimon | 27 July | 303 A.D. | Nicomedia | Maximian (285–305) |
11 | Acacius the Young | 28 July | 303–305 A.D. | Byzantium | Maximian (285–305) |
No. | Name of Martyr | Day of Celebration | Menaia Stichoi |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Sebastiani | 24 October (also 16 September) | Σεβαστιανὴ τῆ τομῆ βλύζει γάλα, Oὐκ αἷμα καὶ σάρξ ὥσπερ οὖσα πρὸς ξίφος. |
2 | Terentius | 28 October (also 5 and 10 April) | Τέμνουσι Τερέντιον, ὅς Βλύσας γάλα, Ἔδιξε καινὸν καὶ τετμημένος τέρας. |
3 | Pompios/Pompeius | 5 April (also 28 October and 10 April) | Ὡς ζῶν πρόβατον Πομπῆιε Κυρίου Χέεις, ἀμελχθεὶς αὐχένα ξίφει, γάλα. |
4 | Panteleimon | 27 July | Γαλακτόμικτον Μάρτυς αἵμα σῆς κάρας, Δἰ ἣν ὑδατόμικτον ὁ Χριστὸς χέει. Φάσγανον ἑβδομάτῃ λάχεν εἰκάδι Παντελεήμων. |
No. | Name of Martyr | Day of Celebration | The Great Synaxarion of the Church of Constantinople |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Eupsychios | 7 September | καὶ αὐτίκα ἀντὶ αἵματος γάλα καὶ ὕδωρ ἐρρύη. (col. 24) |
2 | Pistis | 17 September | ῥαβδίζεται καὶ μέρη τινὰ τοῦ σώματος ἀφαιρεῖται σιδήρῳ, ἑξ ὧν ἀντὶ τοῦ αἵματος γάλα ἔρρευσεν. (col. 51) |
3 | Sebastiani | 24 October | τὴν διὰ ξίφους ὑπέμεινεν ἐκτομήν, ἐξ ἧς καὶ λέγεται ἀντὶ αἵματος ῥυῆναι γάλα. (col. 162) Synaxaria Selecta: Καὶ τούτων ῥυσθεῖσα, τὴν κεφαλὴν ἀπετμήθη·καὶ ἔρρευσεν ἀντὶ αἵματος γάλα. (col. 161–62) |
4 | Menignus | 22 November | Synaxaria Selecta: εἶτα μαχαίρᾳ τοὺς δακτύλους τῶν χειρῶν αὐτοῦ ἔκοψαν, ἐξ ὧν ἀντὶ αἵματος γάλα ἔρρευσεν·καὶ δὶς καὶ τρὶς καὶ πολλάκις ξεσθεὶς τῷ δεσμωτηρίῳ ἐμβάλλεται. (col. 247–48) |
15 March | Synaxaria Selecta: Καὶ εὐθέως τοὺς δέκα δακτύλους τῶν χειρῶν αὐτοῦ ἐξεθέρισαν ἐκ τῶν ἔσω ἁρμῶν· καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ἀντὶ αἵματος γάλα. (col. 539–40) | ||
5 | Ap. Paul | 29 June | Ἐκ δὲ τῆς πληγῆς ἀπορρεῦσαί φασιν αἷμα σὺν γάλακτι· εἰ δὲ καὶ ὕστερον ἐτελειώθη ὁ μακάριος Παῦλος τῷ χρόνῳ, ἀλλ᾽ ἐν ἑνὶ τόπῳ ἐτέθη αὐτῶν τὰ λείψανα. (col. 779) |
30 June | Synaxaria Selecta: Ἑπεὶ δὲ τὸν τῆς τελειώσεως τόπον κατέλαβε, σχηματίσαντες τὸν ἀπόστολον τῷ σουδαρίῳ τῆς γραός, τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τούτου περικαλύπτουσι· καὶ τῆς τιμίας κάρας τῷ ξίφει ἀποτμηθείσης, γάλα ἀντὶ αἵματος εἰς τοὺς χιτῶνας τούτου κατέρρευσεν. (col. 787–88) | ||
6 | Cyprilla | 4 July | καὶ κατεφλέχθη τὴν χεῖρα ὑπὸ τῶν δημίων κρατουμένην· μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα κρεμασθεῖσα ἐπὶ ξύλου ξέεται, καὶ ἀπὸ μὲν τῶν πληγῶν αἷμα, ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν μασθῶν γάλα ἔρρεε· καὶ οὕτως παρέδωκε τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτῆς τῷ Κυρίῳ. (col. 798) |
7 | Lucia | 5 July | Synaxaria Selecta: ἐπὶ ξύλου ἀναρτηθεῖσα ξέεται, καὶ λιποψυχήσασα καὶ αἷμα μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν πληγῶν, γάλα δὲ ῥεύσασα τῶν μασθῶν, τὸ πνεῦμα τῷ Κυρίῳ ἀπέδωκεν. (col. 799–800) |
8 | Antiochus | 16 July | Ξίφει οὖν τὸν αὐχένα τέμνεται, ἐξ οὗ αἷμα σὺν γάλακτι ἔρρευσεν. (col. 825)Synaxaria Selecta (15 July): Καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ἀπετμήθη τὴν κεφαλὴν καὶ ἔρρευσεν ἐκ τοῦ τραχήλου αὐτοῦ σὺν αἵματι γάλα. (col. 821–22) |
9 | Christina | 24 July | Φυλαχθεῖσαν δὲ ἀβλαβῆ ἑρπετοῖς ἰοβόλοις [ἰοβ. ἑρπετοῖς βρωθῆναι Mc.] καταδικάζει καὶ πρὸς τούτοις ἐκτμηθῆναι τοὺς αὐτῆς κελεύει μαστούς, ἐξ ὧν ἀντὶ αἵματος γάλα ῥυῆναί φασιν. (col. 839) |
10 | Panteleimon | 27 July | Τότε ὁ ἅγιος μάρτυς ἑκουσίως τὸν αὐχένα προτείνας ἐτμήθη τὴν κεφαλήν. Λέγεται δὲ ἀντὶ αἵματος γάλα ἐκχέαι καὶ τὸ φυτὸν τῆς ἐλαίας, ᾧ προσεδέθη, ἀθρόως τελεσφορῆσαι καρπόν. (col. 848) |
11 | Acacius the Young | 28 July | Ἀχθεὶς δὲ καὶ εἰς ἕτερον εἰδωλικὸν ναὸν τῶν εἰδώλων καὶ τὰ ὅμοια δράσας τέμνεται [(τὰ-τέμνεται) τούτους διὰ προσευχῆς καταρράξας καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐταῖς καθελὼν καὶ λεπτύνας εἴδωλα τέλος ἐτμήθη] τὴν κεφαλήν, αἷμα καὶ γάλα τῆς τομῆς ἐκβλυσάσης [(αἷμα-ἐκβλυσάσης) καὶ ἀπο τῆς τομῆς λέγεται ἐξελθεῖν αἷμα καὶ γάλα]. (col. 854) |
No. | Name of Martyr | Day of Celebration | Testimony |
---|---|---|---|
1 | George Megalomartyr | 23 Parmuti (18/23 April) | “And they took off his holy head, and there came forth water and milk”. The Martyrdom of St George (p. 235). “he straightway stretched out his neck and the soldiers took off his holy head, and there came forth from it blood and milk”. The Encomion of Bishop Abba Theodotus (p. 323). |
2 | Anub | 24 Epip (18 July) | “A headsman came… and severed his neck, blood and milk issued therefrom”. |
3 | Epime | 8 Epip (2 July) | “they cut off his blessed head. Blood and milk flowed from his body”. |
4 | Isaac | 6 Pashons (1 May) | “they cut off his holy head... And there came forth blood and milk”. |
5 | Sarapamon | 28 Hathor (24 November) | “When Orion the guardsman cut off his head, water and milk flowed.” |
No. | Name of Martyr | Day of Celebration | AASS (Volume/Page) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Martina | 1 January | 1:13 | Inciso autem corpore eius emanabat lac pro sanguine: et odot magnus factus est, sicut vas aromatum eiusdem ore effusum |
2 | Secundina | 15 January | 2:279 | Illud etiam mirabile contigisse fertur, quod pro sanguine ex eius corpore lacero lac profluxit et suavissimus odor exhalabat. |
3 | Aemilianus of Trevia | 28 January | 3:449 | Ex cuius corpore, lac pro sanguine fluxisse… |
4 | 7 women from Sebastia (St Blase) | 3 February | 4:342C | Videbant autem milites illi, quod pro sanguine lac carnes earum stilladant et carnes earu, sic erant tamquam flamma ignis, et ut nix dealbabantur. |
5 | Aemilianus of Armenia Minor | 8 February | 5:159E | Proque sanguine lac cervice praecisa emanavit… |
6 | Menignus | 15 March | 8: 385 | E vestigio igitur articulos ad usque metacarpion resecant, qui pros sanguine lacteum liquorem profudere. |
7 | Victor | 14 May | 16:268 | Et quando decollatus est S.Victor, exivit de collo eius lac et sanguis. |
8 | Baudelius of Nimes | 20 May | 18:25 | sanguis Martyris, e vulnere manans, in lac conversus |
9 | Heliconis | 28 May | 19:735F | καὶ οὕτως ἀπέτενεν τὴν ἁγίαν αὐτῆς κεφαλήν· καὶ ἀντὶ αἵματος γάλα ἕρευσεν ἐκ τοῦ σώματος αὐτῆς |
10 | Cantius, Cantianus, Cantianilla | 31 May | 20:422F | Porrigentes sibi invicem osculum pacis, ponentes genua, susceperunt gladium, acceperunt coronas sempiternas: et ecce sanguis eorum tamquam lac videntibus apparuit. |
11 | Sebastiana of Heraclea | 7 June | 22. AppVII:12F | Ἑξῆς καὶ λέγεται ἀντὶ αἵματος ῥυῆναι γάλα. |
12 | Aquilina | 13 June | 23:171B/E | τότε ἀφεῖλεν τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτῆς, διὰ τὴν κέλευσιν τοῦ Ἀντυπάτου· ἀντὶ δὲ αἵματος γάλακτος ῥύσις ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἐγένετο tamen, juxta manatum Proconsulis, ejus caput abscidit, ex quo pro sanguine lac in terram defluxit |
13 | Anect/Anicet | 27 June | 27:229F | γάλακτος ἀντί αἵματος τῆς τομῆς ἐξελθόντος, |
14 | Ap. Paul | 29 June | 27:397 | Major auctoritas foret pro alia Traditione dicentium, amputato Apostoli capite pro sanguine lac effluxisse |
12 | Christina | 24 July | 32:528A | Lapideum cor et abominabile, mammillas meas abscindere iussisti; respice et vide, quia pro sanguine lac in terram defluxit. |
13 | Panteleimon | 27 July | 33:420A | Lac enim fluxit protinus pro sanguine, et planta oleae, cui fuerat alligatus, conspecta est tota fructu onusta. |
14 | Acacius junior (τοῦ νέου) | 28 July | 33:547E | Et postquam iterum contrivisset idola, capite minutus est, sectione reddente sanguinem et lac. |
15 | Gratilianus | 12 August | 36:729F | Factus est vero, ut decollaverunt eos, sanguis qui egressus est de corpore B. Gratiliani albus, sicut nix. |
16 | Eupsychius | 7 September | 43:7A | Καὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν καὶ αὐτίκα ἄντι αἵματος γάλα καὶ ὕδωρ ἔγγυς· |
9 April | 10:820E | Nam loco sanguinis, dum caput ejus abscinderetur, effluxit lac et aqua | ||
17 | Sophia (in Sicily) | 23 September | 46:572A | Dicitur, resecto capite, lac pro sanguine fudisse, ac imperatori patri suo apparuisse, eumque ad fidem convertisse. |
No. | Name of Martyr | Day of Celebration | AB (Volume/Page) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | George Megalomartyr | 23 April | 28:270 | Et porro accedentes, praeciderunt caput invicti martyris Christi. Atque ex collo eius exiit sanguis et aqua [exivit aqua et lac de corpore eius]. |
2 | Victor | 14 May | 2:299 | Itaque sicut jussum fuerat decollatus est, et de colli ejus vulnere lac et sanguis profluxit. |
3 | Agatonica | 22 August | 2:114 | lac pro sanguine stillavit super vestes eorum qui caput amputabant ei |
4 | Katherine | 25 November | 26:32 | Et appropinquans lictor, cervices feriit benedictae Catherinae exiitque lac pro sanguine |
5 | 7 women with St. Irenarchus | 28 November | 73:46 | Ὁ δὲ ἅγιος Εἰρήναρχος, θεασάμενος ὅτι ἀντὶ αἵματος γάλα ἔρρεον, καὶ αἱ σάρκες αὐτῶν λαμπραὶ ἧσαν ὡσεὶ χιών, τότε ὑπέθηκεν σκάφος δέχεσθαι το αἷμα αὐτῶν καὶ παρεκάλει τοὺς δημίους λέγων |
No. | Name of Martyr | Day of Celebration | Milk and Water Instead of Blood | Milk Instead of Blood | Blood and Milk | Water with Blood and Milk | Type of Wound |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Martina | 1 January | X | body | |||
2 | Secundina | 15 January | body | ||||
3 | Aemilianus of Trevia | 28 January | X | beheading | |||
4 | Philotheus | 29 January | X (arm.) | X (copt.) | body | ||
5 | 7 women with Blaise | 3 February | X | body | |||
6 | Aemilianus of Armenia Minor | 8 February | X | beheading | |||
7 | Menignus | 15 March, 22 November | X | beheading | |||
8 | Pompios/Pompeius | 5 April (28 October, 10 April) | X | beheading | |||
9 | George Megalomartyr | 23 Parmuti (18/23 April) | X (vita) | X (encom.) | beheading | ||
10 | Isaac | 6 Pashons (1 May) | X | beheading | |||
11 | Victor | 14 May (11 November) | X | beheading | |||
12 | Baudelius of Nimes | 20 May | X | beheading | |||
13 | Heliconis | 28 May | X | beheading | |||
14 | Cantius, Cantianus, Cantianilla | 31 May | X | beheading | |||
15 | Aquilina | 13 June | X | beheading | |||
16 | Anectus | 27 June | X | beheading | |||
17 | Paul | 29 June | X | X | beheading | ||
18 | Epime | 8 Epip (2 July) | X | beheading | |||
19 | Viviana Mun Yeong-in | 2 July | X | beheading | |||
20 | Cyprilla | 4 July | X | breast | |||
21 | Lucia | 5 July | X | breast | |||
22 | Antiochus | 16 July | X | beheading | |||
23 | Anub | 24 Epip (18 July) | X | beheading | |||
24 | Christina | 24 July | X | X | breast | ||
25 | Panteleimon | 27 July | X (Syn.) | X (Stich.) | beheading | ||
26 | Acacius the Young | 28 July | X | beheading | |||
27 | Gratilianus | 12 August | X | beheading | |||
28 | Agatonica | 22 August | X | beheading | |||
29 | Eupsychios | 7 September (9 April) | X | beheading | |||
30 | Pistis | 17 September | X | breast | |||
31 | Sophia (in Sicily) | 23 September | X | beheading | |||
32 | Sebastiani | 24 October (16 September and 7 June) | X | beheading | |||
33 | Terentius | 28 October (5 and 10 April) | X | beheading | |||
34 | Quintinus | 31 October | x | beheading | |||
35 | Sarapamon | 28 Hathor (24 November) | X | beheading | |||
36 | Catherine | 25 November | X | beheading | |||
37 | 7 women from Sebastia (St Irenarchus) | 28 November | X | body | |||
38 | Bonifacius | 19 December | X | beheading |
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Boicu, D. “γάλα ἀντὶ αἵματος”—An Unwonted Hagiographic Topos. Religions 2022, 13, 613. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13070613
Boicu D. “γάλα ἀντὶ αἵματος”—An Unwonted Hagiographic Topos. Religions. 2022; 13(7):613. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13070613
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoicu, Dragoş. 2022. "“γάλα ἀντὶ αἵματος”—An Unwonted Hagiographic Topos" Religions 13, no. 7: 613. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13070613