Characterization of the New Status of Nador Lagoon (Morocco) after the Implementation of the Management Plan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. The Nador Lagoon Location and Morphological Features
2.2. Lagoon Watershed Features, Sedimentary Dynamics and Freshwater Inputs
2.3. Climatological Characteristics of the Nador Lagoon
2.4. Lagoon Bathymetry and Hydrodynamics
2.5. Sampling Area Selection and Samples Collection Method
2.6. Grain Size Analysis
2.7. Total Organic Matter (OM) Analysis
2.8. Carbonate Analysis
2.9. Data Analysis
Statistical Parameters
3. Results
3.1. Distribution of Surface Sediment Facies in the Lagoon Seabed
3.1.1. Spatial Distribution of Surface Sediment Facies
3.1.2. Lutite Distribution
3.1.3. Sediments Grain Size Classes
3.2. Granulometric Distribution of Sediments in the Seabed Surface Layer
3.3. Organic Matter Distribution
3.4. Carbonate Distribution
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Limits (% of Lutites) [22] | <5 | 5–25 | 25–50 | 50–75 | 75–90 | >90 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Facies features | Very poorly silted | Poorly silted | Moderately silted | Vey silted | Very strongly silted | Extremely silted |
OM Limits (%) [22] | 8.6%–10.4% | 5.1%–8.5% | 1.7%–5% | 0.9%–1.6% | <0.9% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Significance: Facies features | advanced irreversible anoxic state or tends to irreversible anoxia | Tends toward state of anoxia | less advanced anoxic state | matches sandy facies or muddy sand relatively agitated |
Carbonate Limits | <20% | 20%–40% | 40%–60% | 60%–80% | >80% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Facies characteristics [22] | Very poorly carbonated | Poorly carbonated | Moderately carbonated | Highly carbonated | Extremely carbonated |
High terrigenous | Terrigenous | Transitional | Impure carbonate | High carbonate |
Seabed Area | I | II | III | IV |
---|---|---|---|---|
Surface | S = 12.3 km2 | S = 20.3 km2 | S = 51.1 km2 | S = 29.5 km2 |
Hydrodynamic characteristics | Very Low hydrodynamism (Highly confined) [20] Depth: 0–3 m | Very Low hydrodynamism (Highly confined) [20] Depth: 0–6.6 m | High to low hydrodynamism Depth: 0–7 m | High hydrodynamism Under marine influence Depth: 0–7 m |
Potential pressure | This part is facing the industrial zone of Beni Nsar- old WWTP * | Agricultural influence | This part is facing Nador city, the old and new WWTP, receives inputs from rivers is under high anthropic and freshwater network influence | No pressure |
Sampling sites (S) | S1–S9 | S221, S227, S230, S231, S244, S246, S248–S250 | S11, S13, S25, S26, S37, S59, S64, S75, S83, S99, S109, S111, S129, S143, S147, S151, S157, S164, S173, S180, S186 | S21, S22, S34, S35, S50, S92, S94, S96, S120, S192 |
Calculation Method | Classification Used to Define Type of Sediment |
---|---|
median of the sample | - mean = median = mode: symmetric distribution - mean, median and mode will be three different values: non-symmetric distribution - mean value is flanked by 1 and 2 standard deviation points: normal distribution |
Inclusive graphic standard deviation “sorting index” or Trask index | Sorting <0.35 → Very well sorted 0.35 to 0.5 → Well sorted 0.50 to 0.71 → Moderately well sorted 0.71 to 1.0 → Moderately sorted 1.0 to 2.0 → Poorly sorted 2.0 to 4.0 → Very poorly sorted >4.0 → Extremely poorly sorted |
Inclusive graphic “Skewness” or symmetry index | Skewness (Sk1) 1.0 to 0.3 → Very fine skewed 0.3 to 0.1 → Fine skewed 0.1 to −0.1→ Near symmetrical −0.1 to −0.3 → Coarse-skewed −0.3 to −1.0 Very coarse skewed |
Graphic Kurtosis | Kurtosis (KG) <0.67 → Very Patykurtic 0.67 to 0.90 → Patykurtic 0.90 to 1.11 → Mesokurtic 1.11 to 1.50 → Leptokurtic 1.50 to 3.00 → Very Leptokurtic >3.00 → Extremely leptokurtic |
Facies | Ø5 | Ø16 | Ø25 | Ø50 | Ø75 | Ø84 | Ø95 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mud1 | 3.35 | 4.85 | 4.5 | 5.33 | 5.68 | 5.75 | 5.92 |
Mud2 | 2.21 | 4.08 | 4.41 | 5.15 | 5.66 | 5.69 | 5.88 |
SM1 | 1.35 | 2.21 | 2.72 | 3.85 | 5.07 | 5.35 | 5.8 |
SM2 | 2.03 | 2.23 | 2.38 | 2.85 | 4.42 | 4.88 | 5.69 |
Muddy sand | 0.99 | 2.00 | 2.25 | 2.88 | 3.72 | 4.10 | 5.25 |
Sand | 1.13 | 1.57 | 1.93 | 2.34 | 2.7O | 2.83 | 2.99 |
Facies | Sites Occurrence | MZ ± σ Ø | M ± σ µm | Mode Ø | Me Ø | Sorting S0 | Skewness SK | Kurtosis Kg | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mud (mean) | 5.13 ± 0.21 | 0.029 ± 0.005 | 5.57 | 5.3 | 0.93 | −0.49 | 1.63 | Moderately sorted, Very Coarse skewed, Very Leptokurtic | |
Mud1 | Area I: S1–S6 Area II: S221, S227 Area III: S11, S20, S25, S37, S64, S129, S143, S145, S164, S180 Area IV: S96 | 5.17 ± 0.11 | 0.028 ± 0.002 | 5.75 | 5.3 | 0.73 | −0.41 | 1.49 | Moderately sorted, Very coarse skewed, Leptokurtic |
Mud2 | Area II: S230, S246, S249, S250, S244 Area III. S99, S109, S147, S173 Area IV: S120, S22 | 4.96 ± 0.21 | 0.033 ± 0.006 | 5.21 | 5.1 | 0.97 | −0.41 | 1.36 | Moderately sorted, Very coarse skewed, Leptokurtic |
Sandy mud (mean) | 3.65 ± 0.29 | 0.079 ± 0.016 | 4.13 | 3.5 | 1.40 | 0.11 | 0.77 | Poorly sorted, Near symmetrical, Platykurtic | |
SM1 | Area I: S9 Area III: S59, S111, S151, S186 | 3.81 ± 0.19 | 0.071 ± 0.008 | 4.31 | 3.81 | 1.47 | −0.07 | 0.81 | Poorly sorted, Near symmetrical, Platykurtic |
SM2 | Area IV: S34, S35, S92 | 3.29 ± 0.11 | 0.102 ± 0.007 | 3.87 | 2.83 | 1.19 | 0.54 | 0.74 | Poorly sorted, Very fine skewed, Platykurtic |
Muddy sand | Area II: S231 Area III: S13, S83, S157 Area IV: S50, S94 | 2.99 ± 0.53 | 0.125 ± 0.06 | 3.68 | 2.88 | 1.17 | 0.14 | 1.19 | Poorly sorted, Fine skewed, Leptokurtic |
Sand | Area I: S5, S7, S8 Area II: S246, S249, S250, S244 Area IV: S21 | 2.24 ± 0.13 | 0.22 ± 0.02 | 3.25 | 2.34 | 0.60 | −0.26 | 0.99 | Moderately well sorted, Coarse skewed, Mesokurtic |
Parameters (%) | Date | Area I | Area II | Area III | Area IV |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carbonate | 2003–2005 [20] | Low | Low | 5.3–26.5 | 26.5–53 |
2011 | 40–60 | 40–60 | 20–40 | 20–60 |
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Mohamed, N.; Driss, N.; Nadia, B.; Roberto, P.; Abdeljaouad, L.; Nor-dine, R. Characterization of the New Status of Nador Lagoon (Morocco) after the Implementation of the Management Plan. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2017, 5, 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse5010007
Mohamed N, Driss N, Nadia B, Roberto P, Abdeljaouad L, Nor-dine R. Characterization of the New Status of Nador Lagoon (Morocco) after the Implementation of the Management Plan. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2017; 5(1):7. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse5010007
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed, Najih, Nachite Driss, Berday Nadia, Pastres Roberto, Lamrini Abdeljaouad, and Rezzoum Nor-dine. 2017. "Characterization of the New Status of Nador Lagoon (Morocco) after the Implementation of the Management Plan" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 5, no. 1: 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse5010007
APA StyleMohamed, N., Driss, N., Nadia, B., Roberto, P., Abdeljaouad, L., & Nor-dine, R. (2017). Characterization of the New Status of Nador Lagoon (Morocco) after the Implementation of the Management Plan. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 5(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse5010007