The Effects of Non-Indigenous Macrophytes on Native Biodiversity: Case Studies from Sicily
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Gallardo, B.; Clavero, M.; Sánchez, M.I.; Vilà, M. Global Ecological Impacts of Invasive Species in Aquatic Ecosystems. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2016, 22, 151–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mačić, V.; Albano, P.G.; Almpanidou, V.; Claudet, J.; Corrales, X.; Essl, F.; Evagelopoulos, A.; Giovos, I.; Jimenez, C.; Kark, S.; et al. Biological Invasions in Conservation Planning: A Global Systematic Review. Front. Mar. Sci. 2018, 5, 178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Molnar, J.L.; Gamboa, R.L.; Revenga, C.; Spalding, M.D. Assessing the Global Threat of Invasive Species to Marine Biodiversity. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2008, 6, 485–492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williams, S.L.; Smith, J.E. A Global Review of the Distribution, Taxonomy, and Impacts of Introduced Seaweeds. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2007, 38, 327–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bax, N.; Williamson, A.; Aguero, M.; Gonzalez, E.; Geeves, W. Marine Invasive Alien Species: A Threat to Global Biodiversity. Mar. Policy 2003, 27, 313–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Servello, G.; Andaloro, F.; Azzurro, E.; Castriota, L.; Catra, M.; Chiarore, A.; Crocetta, F.; D’Alessandro, M.; Denitto, F.; Froglia, C.; et al. Marine Alien Species in Italy: A Contribution to the Implementation of Descriptor D2 of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Mediterr. Mar. Sci. 2019, 18, 64–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A.; Galil, B. Marine Alien Species as an Aspect of Global Change. Adv. Oceanogr. Limnol. 2010, 1, 199–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lo Brutto, S.; Iaciofano, D.; Guerra García, J.M.; Lubinevsky, H.; Galil, B.S. Desalination Effluents and the Establishment of the Non-Indigenous Skeleton Shrimp Paracaprella pusilla Mayer, 1890 in the South-Eastern Mediterranean. BioInvasions Rec. 2019, 8, 661–669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Streftaris, N.; Zenetos, A. Alien Marine Species in the Mediterranean—The 100 “worst Invasives” and Their Impact. Mediterr. Mar. Sci. 2006, 7, 87–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zenetos, A.; Galanidi, M. Mediterranean Non Indigenous Species at the Start of the 2020s: Recent Changes. Mar. Biodivers. Rec. 2020, 13, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raitsos, D.E.; Beaugrand, G.; Georgopoulos, D.; Zenetos, A.; Pancucci-Papadopoulou, A.M.; Theocharis, A.; Papathanassiou, E. Global Climate Change Amplifies the Entry of Tropical Species into the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2010, 55, 1478–1484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Winters, G.; Beer, S.; Willette, D.A.; Viana, I.G.; Chiquillo, K.L.; Beca-Carretero, P.; Villamayor, B.; Azcárate-García, T.; Shem-Tov, R.; Mwabvu, B.; et al. The Tropical Seagrass Halophila stipulacea: Reviewing What We Know From Its Native and Invasive Habitats, Alongside Identifying Knowledge Gaps. Front. Mar. Sci. 2020, 7, 300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Willette, D.A.; Ambrose, R.F. Effects of the Invasive Seagrass Halophila stipulacea on the Native Seagrass, Syringodium filiforme, and Associated Fish and Epibiota Communities in the Eastern Caribbean. Aquat. Bot. 2012, 103, 74–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maggi, E.; Benedetti-Cecchi, L.; Castelli, A.; Chatzinikolaou, E.; Crowe, T.P.; Ghedini, G.; Kotta, J.; Lyons, D.A.; Ravaglioli, C.; Rilov, G.; et al. Ecological Impacts of Invading Seaweeds: A Meta-analysis of Their Effects at Different Trophic Levels. Diversity Distrib. 2015, 21, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramsay-Newton, C.; Drouin, A.; Hughes, A.R.; Bracken, M.E.S. Species, Community, and Ecosystem-Level Responses Following the Invasion of the Red Alga Dasysiphonia japonica to the Western North Atlantic Ocean. Biol. Invasions 2017, 19, 537–547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thomsen, M.S.; Byers, J.E.; Schiel, D.R.; Bruno, J.F.; Olden, J.D.; Wernberg, T.; Silliman, B.R. Impacts of Marine Invaders on Biodiversity Depend on Trophic Position and Functional Similarity. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2014, 495, 39–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boudouresque, C.F.; Ruitton, S.; Verlaque, M. Large-Scale Disturbances, Regime Shift and Recovery in Littoral Systems Subject to Biological Invasions. In Proceedings of the Unesco-Roste/BAS Workshop on Regime Shifts, Varnam, Bulgaria, 14–16 June 2005; pp. 85–101. [Google Scholar]
- Geburzi, J.C.; McCarthy, M.L. How Do They Do It?—Understanding the Success of Marine Invasive Species. In YOUMARES 8—Oceans Across Boundaries: Learning fromEeach Other; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; pp. 109–124. ISBN 9783319932842. [Google Scholar]
- Dijkstra, J.A.; Harris, L.G.; Mello, K.; Litterer, A.; Wells, C.; Ware, C. Invasive Seaweeds Transform Habitat Structure and Increase Biodiversity of Associated Species. J. Ecol. 2017, 105, 1668–1678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Engelen, A.H.; Primo, A.L.; Cruz, T.; Santos, R. Faunal Differences between the Invasive Brown Macroalga Sargassum muticum and Competing Native Macroalgae. Biol. Invasions 2013, 15, 171–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Veiga, P.; Torres, A.C.; Besteiro, C.; Rubal, M. Mollusc Assemblages Associated with Invasive and Native Sargassum Species. Cont. Shelf Res. 2018, 161, 12–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Veiga, P.; Rubal, M.; Sousa-Pinto, I. Structural Complexity of Macroalgae Influences Epifaunal Assemblages Associated with Native and Invasive Species. Mar. Environ. Res. 2014, 101, 115–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mancuso, F.P.; Agostaro, R.D.; Milazzo, M.; Badalamenti, F. The Invasive Seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis Erodes the Habitat Structure and Biodiversity of Native Algal Forests in the Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Environ. Res. 2022, 173, 105515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gestoso, I.; Olabarria, C.; Troncoso, J.S. Variability of Epifaunal Assemblages Associated with Native and Invasive Macroalgae. Mar. Freshw. Res. 2010, 61, 724–731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buschbaum, C.; Chapman, A.S.; Saier, B. How an Introduced Seaweed Can Affect Epibiota Diversity in Different Coastal Systems. Mar. Biol. 2006, 148, 743–754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wernberg, T.; Thomsen, M.S.; Staehr, P.A.; Pedersen, M.F. Epibiota Communities of the Introduced and Indigenous Macroalgal Relatives Sargassum muticum and Halidrys siliquosa in Limfjorden (Denmark). Helgol. Mar. Res. 2004, 58, 154–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rubal, M.; Costa-Garcia, R.; Besteiro, C.; Sousa-Pinto, I.; Veiga, P. Mollusc Diversity Associated with the Non-Indigenous Macroalga Asparagopsis armata Harvey, 1855 along the Atlantic Coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Mar. Environ. Res. 2018, 136, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bulleri, F.; Benedetti-Cecchi, L. Facilitation of the Introduced Green Alga Caulerpa racemosa by Resident Algal Turfs: Experimental Evaluation of Underlying Mechanisms. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2008, 364, 77–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hendriks, I.E.; Bouma, T.J.; Morris, E.P.; Duarte, C.M. Effects of Seagrasses and Algae of the Caulerpa Family on Hydrodynamics and Particle-Trapping Rates. Mar. Biol. 2010, 157, 473–481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rizzo, L.; Pusceddu, A.; Stabili, L.; Alifano, P.; Fraschetti, S. Potential Effects of an Invasive Seaweed (Caulerpa cylindracea Sonder) on Sedimentary Organic Matter and Microbial Metabolic Activities. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 12113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bando, K.J. The Roles of Competition and Disturbance in a Marine Invasion. Biol. Invasions 2006, 8, 755–763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rotini, A.; Mejia, A.Y.; Costa, R.; Migliore, L.; Winters, G. Ecophysiological Plasticity and Bacteriome Shift in the Seagrass Halophila stipulacea along a Depth Gradient in the Northern Red Sea. Front. Plant Sci. 2017, 7, 2015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Procaccini, G.; Acunto, S.; Famà, P.; Maltagliati, F. Structural, Morphological and Genetic Variability in Halophila stipulacea (Hydrocharitaceae) Populations in the Western Mediterranean. Mar. Biol. 1999, 135, 181–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mejia, A.Y.; Rotini, A.; Lacasella, F.; Bookman, R.; Thaller, M.C.; Shem-Tov, R.; Winters, G.; Migliore, L. Assessing the Ecological Status of Seagrasses Using Morphology, Biochemical Descriptors and Microbial Community Analyses. A Study in Halophila stipulacea (Forsk.) Aschers Meadows in the Northern Red Sea. Ecol. Indic. 2016, 60, 1150–1163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schwarz, A.M.; Hellblom, F. The Photosynthetic Light Response of Halophila stipulacea Growing along a Depth Gradient in the Gulf of Aqaba, the Red Sea. Aquat. Bot. 2002, 74, 263–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andreakis, N.; Procaccini, G.; Kooistra, W.H.C.F. Asparagopsis taxiformis and Asparagopsis armata (Bonnemaisoniales, Rhodophyta): Genetic and Morphological Identification of Mediterranean Populations. Eur. J. Phycol. 2004, 39, 273–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mannino, A.M.; Balistreri, P. An Updated Overview of Invasive Caulerpa Taxa in Sicily and CircumSicilian Islands, Strategic Zones within the NW Mediterranean Sea. Flora Mediterr. 2017, 27, 221–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mannino, A.M.; Balistreri, P. Citizen Science: A Successful Tool for Monitoring Invasive Alien Species (IAS) in Marine Protected Areas. The Case Study of the Egadi Islands MPA (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). Biodiversity 2018, 19, 42–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mannino, A.M.; Borfecchia, F.; Micheli, C. Tracking Marine Alien Macroalgae in the Mediterranean Sea: The Contribution of Citizen Science and Remote Sensing. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Horton, T.; Lowry, J.; De Broyer, C.; Bellan-Santini, D.; Coleman, C.O.; Corbari, L.; Costello, M.J.; Daneliya, M.; Dauvin, J.-C.; Fišer, C.; et al. World Amphipoda Database 2021. Available online: https://www.marinespecies.org/amphipoda/index.php (accessed on 10 January 2023).
- Underwood, A.J. Experiments in Ecology: Their Logical Design and Interpretation Using Analysis of Variance; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Clarke, K.R. Non-Parametric Multivariate Analyses of Changes in Community Structure. Aust. J. Ecol. 1993, 18, 117–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mancuso, F.P.; Milazzo, M.; Chemello, R. Decreasing in Patch-Size of Cystoseira Forests Reduces the Diversity of Their Associated Molluscan Assemblage in Mediterranean Rocky Reefs. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2021, 250, 107163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mannino, A.M.; Balistreri, P.; Mancuso, F.P.; Bozzeda, F.; Pinna, M. Searching for the Competitive Ability of the Alien Seagrass Halophila stipulacea with the Autochthonous Species Cymodocea nodosa. NeoBiota 2023, 83, 155–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mannino, A.M.; Di Giovanni, D. Competition among Introduced and Indigenous Submerged Macrophytes in a Southern Mediterranean Shallow System. In Proceedings of the Congresso Società Botanica Italiana, Genova, Italy, 21–24 September 2011; Volume 73, p. 21. [Google Scholar]
- Mannino, A.M.; Mancuso, F.P.; Toccaceli, M. Spreading of the Alien Seagrass Halophila stipulacea (Hydrocharitaceae) along the Sicilian Coast (Western Mediterranean Sea). In Proceedings of the Mediterranean Seagrass Workshop 09, Hvar, Croatia, 7–11 September 2009; p. 66. [Google Scholar]
- Mannino, A.M.; Balistreri, P. Invasive Alien Species in Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas: The Egadi Islands (Italy) Case Study. Biodiversity 2021, 22, 13–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Piazzi, L.; Meinesz, A.; Verlaque, M.; Akcali, B.; Antolić, B.; Argyrou, M.; Balata, D.; Ballesteros, E.; Ballesteros, E.; Calvo, S.; et al. Invasion of Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta) in the Mediterranean Sea: An Assessment of the Spread. Cryptogam. Algol. 2005, 26, 189–202. [Google Scholar]
- Ceccherelli, G.; Piazzi, L. Dispersal of Caulerpa racemosa Fragments in the Mediterranean: Lack of Detachment Time Effect on Establishment. Bot. Mar. 2001, 44, 209–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Panayotidis, P.; Žuljević, A. Sexual Reproduction of the Invasive Green Alga Caulerpa racemosa var. occidentalis in the Mediterranean Sea. Oceanol. Acta 2001, 24, 199–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holmer, M.; Marbà, N.; Lamote, M.; Duarte, C.M. Deterioration of Sediment Quality in Seagrass Meadows (Posidonia oceanica) Invaded by Macroalgae (Caulerpa sp.). Estuaries Coasts 2009, 32, 456–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arias, A.; Giangrande, A.; Gambi, M.C.; Anadón, N. Biology and New Records of the Invasive Species Branchiomma bairdi (Annelida: Sabellidae) in the Mediterranean Sea. Mediterr. Mar. Sci. 2013, 14, 162–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mollo, E.; Gavagnin, M.; Carbone, M.; Castelluccio, F.; Pozone, F.; Roussis, V.; Templado, J.; Ghiselin, M.T.; Cimino, G. Factors Promoting Marine Invasions: A Chemoecological Approach. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105, 4582–4586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Katsanevakis, S.; Issaris, Y.; Poursanidis, D.; Thessalou-Legaki, M. Vulnerability of Marine Habitats to the Invasive Green Alga Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea within a Marine Protected Area. Mar. Environ. Res. 2010, 70, 210–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iacarella, J.C.; Lyons, D.A.; Burke, L.; Davidson, I.C.; Therriault, T.W.; Dunham, A.; DiBacco, C. Climate Change and Vessel Traffic Create Networks of Invasion in Marine Protected Areas. J. Appl. Ecol. 2020, 57, 1793–1805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mannino, A.M.; Parasporo, M.; Crocetta, F.; Balistreri, P. An Updated Overview of the Marine Alien and Cryptogenic Species from the Egadi Islands Marine Protected Area (Italy). Mar. Biodivers. 2017, 47, 469–480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Navarro-Barranco, C.; Florido, M.; Ros, M.; González-Romero, P.; Guerra-García, J.M. Impoverished Mobile Epifaunal Assemblages Associated with the Invasive Macroalga Asparagopsis taxiformis in the Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Environ. Res. 2018, 141, 44–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guerra-García, J.M.; Ros, M.; Izquierdo, D.; Soler-Hurtado, M.M. The Invasive Asparagopsis armata versus the Native Corallina elongata: Differences in Associated Peracarid Assemblages. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 2012, 416–417, 121–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janiak, D.S.; Whitlatch, R.B. Epifaunal and Algal Assemblages Associated with the Native Chondrus crispus (Stackhouse) and the Non-Native Grateloupia turuturu (Yamada) in Eastern Long Island Sound. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 2012, 413, 38–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Navarro-Barranco, C.; Muñoz-Gómez, B.; Saiz, D.; Ros, M.; Guerra-García, J.M.; Altamirano, M.; Ostalé-Valriberas, E.; Moreira, J. Can Invasive Habitat-Forming Species Play the Same Role as Native Ones? The Case of the Exotic Marine Macroalga Rugulopteryx okamurae in the Strait of Gibraltar. Biol. Invasions 2019, 21, 3319–3334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roberts, D.A.; Poore, A.G.B.B. Habitat Configuration Affects Colonisation of Epifauna in a Marine Algal Bed. Biol. Conserv. 2006, 127, 18–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lanham, B.S.; Gribben, P.E.; Poore, A.G.B. Beyond the Border: Effects of an Expanding Algal Habitat on the Fauna of Neighbouring Habitats. Mar. Environ. Res. 2015, 106, 10–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taylor, R.B. Short-Term Dynamics of a Seaweed Epifaunal Assemblage. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 1998, 227, 67–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martin, T.H.; Crowder, L.B.; Dumas, C.F.; Burkholder, J.M. Indirect Effects of Fish on Macrophytes in Bays Mountain Lake: Evidence for a Littoral Trophic Cascade. Oecologia 1992, 89, 476–481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heck, K.L.; Hays, G.; Orth, R.J.; Heck Hay, K.L.; Hays, G.; Orth, R.J. Critical Evaluation of the Nursery Role Hypothesis for Seagrass Meadows. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2003, 253, 123–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chemello, R.; Cìuna, I.; Pandolfo, A.; Riggio, S. Molluscan Assemblages Associated with Intertidal Vermetid Formations: A Morpho-Functional Approach. Boll. Malacol. 1997, 3, 105–114. [Google Scholar]
- Mancuso, F.P. Decreasing in Patch-Size of Cystoseira Forests Reduce the Diversity of Their Associated Molluscan Assemblages in Mediterranean Rocky Reefs—Data and Scripts. Mendeley Data 2021, V1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Apostolaki, E.T.; Vizzini, S.; Santinelli, V.; Kaberi, H.; Andolina, C.; Papathanassiou, E. Exotic Halophila stipulacea is an Introduced Carbon Sink for the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 9643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sghaier, Y.R.; Zakhama-Sraieb, R.; Charfi-Cheikhrouha, F. Effects of the Invasive Seagrass Halophila stipulacea on the Native Seagrass Cymodocea nodosa. In Proceedings of the 5ème Symposium Méditerranéen sur la Végétation Marine, Portorož, Slovénie, 27–28 October 2014; pp. 27–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- van Tussenbroek, B.I.; van Katwijk, M.M.; Bouma, T.J.; van der Heide, T.; Govers, L.L.; Leuven, R.S.E.W. Non-Native Seagrass Halophila stipulacea Forms Dense Mats under Eutrophic Conditions in the Caribbean. J. Sea Res. 2016, 115, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cinelli, F. La Prateria di Posidonia oceanica ed Altre Storie. In Nel Mare Di Ustica. Vita e Ambienti Tra Coste e Fondali; Editore, V.L., Ed.; Villaggio Letterario: Palermo, Italy, 2022; pp. 337–347. ISBN 978-88-945489-5-2. [Google Scholar]
- Sghaier, Y.R.; Zakhama-Sraieb, R.; Benamer, I.; Charfi-Cheikhrouha, F. Occurrence of the Seagrass Halophila stipulacea (Hydrocharitaceae) in the Southern Mediterranean Sea. Bot. Mar. 2011, 54, 575–582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Willette, D.A.; Ambrose, R.F. The Distribution and Expansion of the Invasive Seagrass Halophila stipulacea in Dominica, West Indies, with a Preliminary Report from St. Lucia. Aquat. Bot. 2009, 91, 137–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Riera, L.; Ramalhosa, P.; Canning-Clode, J.; Gestoso, I. Variability in the Settlement of Non-Indigenous Species in Benthic Communities from an Oceanic Island. Helgol. Mar. Res. 2018, 72, 15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ricciardi, A.; Hoopes, M.F.; Marchetti, M.P.; Lockwood, J.L. Progress toward Understanding the Ecological Impacts of Nonnative Species. Ecol. Monogr. 2013, 83, 263–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ricciardi, A.; Atkinson, S.K. Distinctiveness Magnifies the Impact of Biological Invaders in Aquatic Ecosystems. Ecol. Lett. 2004, 7, 781–784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Source of Variation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
df | MS | Model-F | ||
Presence or absence L. lallemandii | 1 | 0.871 | 3.802 | ** |
Residuals | 8 | 0.229 | ||
Total | 9 |
Average Abundance | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Species | With L. lallemandii | Without L. lallemandii | δi/SD(δi) | Cum_δi% |
Barleeia unifasciata | 5.8 | 0.0 | 2.46 | 0.29 |
Alvania hirta | 2.6 | 0.0 | 0.68 | 0.39 |
Alvania lineata | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.28 | 0.47 |
Rissoa variabilis | 0.6 | 1.2 | 1.11 | 0.54 |
Columbella rustica | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.20 | 0.60 |
Rissoa guerinii | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.04 | 0.66 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Mancuso, F.P.; Chemello, R.; Mannino, A.M. The Effects of Non-Indigenous Macrophytes on Native Biodiversity: Case Studies from Sicily. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 1389. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071389
Mancuso FP, Chemello R, Mannino AM. The Effects of Non-Indigenous Macrophytes on Native Biodiversity: Case Studies from Sicily. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023; 11(7):1389. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071389
Chicago/Turabian StyleMancuso, Francesco Paolo, Renato Chemello, and Anna Maria Mannino. 2023. "The Effects of Non-Indigenous Macrophytes on Native Biodiversity: Case Studies from Sicily" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 7: 1389. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071389
APA StyleMancuso, F. P., Chemello, R., & Mannino, A. M. (2023). The Effects of Non-Indigenous Macrophytes on Native Biodiversity: Case Studies from Sicily. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(7), 1389. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071389