1. Introduction
In recent years, renewable energy generation has been developing rapidly [
1]. Marine renewable energy, including tidal energy, wave energy, marine current energy, ocean thermal energy and wind energy, has attracted more attention due to its reproducibility, cleanness and vast reserves [
2,
3,
4]. The development and utilization of this energy can mitigate the dependency on fossil fuels to a large extent. Intensive research has been conducted on marine renewable energy technologies, especially in microgrid systems [
5,
6]. The power generated by marine renewable energy-based distributed generators can be inputted into the microgrid system. The harvested energy can be stored in the battery energy storage system (BESS). The BESS can fulfill energy management in the processes of charging and discharging. Similar to that of aircraft, the battery is recharged in standard operating conditions and helps the generator in fulfilling the load demand in case of generator overload [
7]. In the microgrid system, the BESS can inject electric energy into the microgrid, and can store electric energy when the microgrid power generation exceeds the load demand. It can reduce power fluctuation due to the intermittence and unpredictability of renewable energy sources [
8,
9,
10,
11]. The microgrid can operate in grid-connected mode or islanded mode [
12]. The inverter is an important element that can inject energy into the grid or the load. Compared to the traditional two-level inverter, a multilevel inverter is used in high-power applications due to lower total harmonic distortion (THD), lower switching losses and lower switching frequency [
13,
14]. However, the power semiconductor devices and electrolytic caps are both fragile components in power electronic systems [
15,
16]. In addition, the failure probability of the insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules is further heightened due to high humidity levels in marine renewable energy applications [
17].
The failures in semiconductor devices are mainly divided into open-circuit fault and short-circuit fault. The IGBT short circuits are the catastrophic failures, which immediately trip or damage the system [
18]. Therefore, a protection circuit will be designed, and the short-circuit fault will be converted into the open-circuit fault. The open-circuit fault usually does not cause the system to crash immediately. However, the inverter output voltage becomes distorted, which further results in the malfunction of the inverter. It may propagate downstream to the grid or the load. Therefore, if the grid-connected inverter fails, the microgrid system switches from grid-connected mode to islanded mode to cut off fault propagation. After the fault is eliminated, the microgrid system can be reconnected with the grid. Many FT methods have been proposed to ensure the normal operation of the inverter after a failure of the IGBT. Nonetheless, little research has been aimed at serial fault conditions, which means the fault occurs again after the FT control is performed. Moreover, serial faults are likely to occur in the industrial field, especially for marine renewable energy power generation due to the harsh environment. Once a serial fault occurs in the inverter, the FT control method is unable to be executed. It may cause shutdown and reliability reduction. In addition, power electronic converters, including inverters, may be far from the shore in the application of marine renewable energy. The cost of maintenance may be high due to the inaccessibility of the system. Therefore, it is meaningful to design FT control for the serial fault in marine renewable energy applications.
It is critical to diagnose the fault correctly for FT control. It has been deeply researched, and a lot of effective methods have been proposed in [
19,
20,
21,
22,
23]. The method in [
24] is proposed to give a suitable fault-tolerant scheme for different fault types. The method in [
25] is mainly designed for motor drive systems. Those methods, based on flexibility software redundancy, can be easily implemented by drive controllers. However, the output voltage of the inverter is degraded. It may result in the capacity of the system being restricted, which cannot be applied to applications requiring the voltage amplitude. In order to maintain the amplitude of the output voltage, an FT design and a control method are proposed in [
26]. The DC capacitor voltage is charged, which can maintain voltage output even if losing two levels. In [
27], a novel voltage-balancing algorithm is proposed for FT control; it not only improves the performance, but also maintains voltage magnitude. The DC voltage can be boosted by controlling the shoot-through duty cycle in quasi network. Those methods are suitable for STATCOM applications. However, the voltage may not be improved in the BESS. Several FT control methods can maintain the voltage amplitude in the BESS, which are presented in [
28,
29,
30]. Those methods use some additional semiconductor devices to construct the redundant paths. However, the types and number of failures may be limited due to the fewer number of redundant paths. Some FT approaches, which can solve more types of IGBT failure, are presented in [
31,
32,
33]. Those methods use hardware redundancy such as a DC voltage source or an H-bridge, but it results in greater expense. To solve this problem, a new FT approach based on an auxiliary module and modified space vector modulation is proposed in [
34]. The capacitor voltage is controlled to achieve the maximum rated power without an extra voltage source, which reduces the complexity and the size of the module. However, the capacitor voltage must be in the desired range, and the switching command is selected according to the capacitor voltage. It is not easy to be integrated into a drive controller. Another FT method based on pilot switch is presented in [
35] for grid-connected inverters. However, after adopting this method, the inverter output voltage changes from five-level to three-level. It obviously results in the harmonic generation of grid-connected current. It will cause the degradation of power quality. In [
36], a smart fault-tolerant method based on reconfigurable multilevel inverter topology is proposed. The inverter output voltage can be maintained after the first fault occurs, and the inverter can still output sinusoidal voltage when the second fault occurs. However, the number of levels of output voltage degrades, which may cause degradation of power quality. Another clever topology proposed in [
37] improves the utilization rate of devices and the quality of output voltage. However, due to the difference in mapping relationships between modules, it may not be suitable for some specific fault sequences.
Considering some possible problems of the above fault-tolerant control methods in marine renewable energy applications, especially the failure to tolerate serial fault, these may lead to higher costs of shutdown and maintenance due to inaccessibility. In addition, the problem of decreasing the amplitude and quality of inverter output voltage will affect the quality of the power generated by renewable energy. Therefore, a serial fault-tolerant topology based on sustainable reconfiguration is proposed. The main novelty is that the topology can be reconfigured using more modes. In other words, this topology can utilize the remaining healthy components to continuously form new configurations when the device fails. It can not only maintain the amplitude of the inverter output voltage, but also improve the possibility of uninterrupted operation of the inverter as much as possible. On this basis, the inverter outputs the desired voltage waveform through controlling the modulation signal. Therefore, the quality of the power generated by renewable energy can be improved as much as possible after fault-tolerant control. In conclusion, the proposed method provides smooth and reliable operation in case of a serial fault.
4. Results
In order to evaluate the viability of the proposed SF-TC method, the simulation and experiment platform of the three-phase grid-connected inverter is built. The uninterrupted performance and the quality of grid current will be used to evaluate the performance of the SF-TC method.
4.1. Simulation Results of the SF-TC Method
A three-phase grid-connected system is built in (MATLAB)/Simulink. The structure of the grid-connected system is shown in
Figure 2. Since the grid-connected system is a symmetrical structure, only a-phase will be discussed. In marine renewable energy applications, the BESS is usually used to reduce power fluctuation due to the intermittency and volatility of renewable energy. Therefore, a constant DC source is selected to simulate the inverter input voltage. The related parameters are shown in
Table 4.
Figure 8 shows the grid current and the output voltage of a-phase. The whole process can be divided into seven stages. In the first stage, the system is in normal operation. The inverter outputs a seven-level voltage waveform. The grid current of a-phase
is sinusoidal with high quality. The THD of
is approximately 7.0%. At 1.5 s, the
in
fails. The system is in the second stage. The reverse conduction of
is broken, the output voltage of a-phase loses a level. The grid current is non-sinusoidal. Then, the SF-TC method is enabled at 2 s. The
is bypassed, and its power supply is connected in the
. The seven-level voltage is restored, and the THD of
is restored.
In the fourth stage, a serial fault occurs in in . The phase voltage is affected, and the grid current is distorted. Subsequently, the SF-TC method is enabled again. The right arm of bypassed is used to combine with the left arm of , which can be equivalent to the H-bridge. The THD of is restored again. Later on, the in fails at 3.5 s. The SF-TC method is used to execute fault-tolerant control at 4 s. The output of phase voltage reduces to three-level, and the THD of the grid current is improved to about 11.84%, but it will not significantly impact the operation of the grid-connected inverter.
According to the simulation results, the SF-TC method can succeed in achieving fault-tolerant control three times continuously. Moreover, this method can also maintain the voltage amplitude. Therefore, the SF-TC method can be applied to fields which require maintaining the voltage amplitude.
4.2. Experimental Results of the SF-TC Method
In order to further validate the effectiveness of the SF-TC method, the experimental platform of a three-phase grid-connected system is built. The employed prototype is depicted in
Figure 9. The 65 V-12.3 A DC source is used to simulate the power stored by marine renewable energy in BESS. The controller used in the experiment is dSPACE’s DS1102, and the cascaded seven-level inverter is adopted. The parameters of the experimental system are listed in
Table 5. Since the topology in the third stage is equivalent to the fifth stage in the simulation, two fault-tolerant controls will be evaluated in the experiment.
Figure 10 shows the experimental results of the output voltage and grid current. This process will be described in detail below. Firstly, there are three of Module I in the grid-connected inverter topology. A symmetrical seven-level voltage with the amplitude of 195 V is generated. The grid current is a sinusoidal waveform. Then, an open-circuit fault occurs in
. Because the inverter loses a conduction state, the output voltage waveform is deformed. The change of output voltage results in the control of the grid current becoming unstable, and the grid current is distorted. Afterwards, the SF-TC method is enabled. There are both a Module I and a Module II in the inverter system. The output of this inverter is restored to seven-level voltage, and the amplitude of output voltage remains unchanged. The grid current returns to the sinusoidal waveform, and its THD is decreased. Subsequently, the next fault is set in
. This fault causes a serious impact. The grid-connected current increases sharply, which triggers circuit protection. The SF-TC method is enabled again to reduce the impact of this serial fault. There is only a Module III in the inverter system. The output voltage is degraded to the three-level voltage, but the amplitude remains basically unchanged. A sinusoidal grid current is generated, which can ensure the basic functioning of the system.
From these results, it can be concluded that the influence of serial fault on the inverter is lessened by the SF-TC method. The quality of the output voltage is maintained as much as possible, and the amplitude of output voltage can be maintained.
5. Discussion
To evaluate the proposed method, comparison among other fault-tolerant methods and the proposed method is given in
Table 6. The fault-tolerant method in [
24] does not require any hardware redundancy. Therefore, the cost of this method is the lowest. However, the amplitude of output voltage cannot be maintained. It results that this method cannot be suitable for the grid-connected inverter. The method in [
26,
30] can maintain the amplitude of out voltage. However, the method in [
26] is only suitable for STATCOM applications, but not for BESS. The method in [
30] can be implemented in BESS, and it does not require extra relays, resulting in higher reliability and less complexity. However, it cannot be used in the case of multiple IGBT failures or IGBT failures in different H-bridges. The method in [
35,
36,
37] and the proposed method can tolerate multiple IGBT failures. However, the method in [
35] can only be applied to five-level inverters, and the quality of output voltage decreases. In [
36], the number of levels of inverter output voltage can be maintained when the first fault occurs. However, the number of levels will be reduced to three-level when the second fault occurs. Compared to [
36], the proposed method is not adoptable in an asymmetric cascade multilevel inverter. The proposed method can achieve multiple fault-tolerant controls, which improves the possibility of uninterrupted operation. Moreover, the proposed method keeps the level number of inverter output voltage as high as possible. It can ensure the power quality injected into the grid.