A Field Theory-Based Novel Algorithm for Navigational Hazard Index
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Based on the force constructed on the ship, the idea of field theory and multiple factors, a ship collision field model is established. The proposed navigational hazard index (NHI), using the potential field characterizing the index, transforms the ship domain overlapping problem into the field superposition problem and calculates the value in real time. The proposed algorithm can display the dangerous water level of the ship collision dynamically.
- (2)
- Considering the encounter situations, the NHI values are divided to make it reflect the risk level accurately. For the first time, the field-based concept is proposed to solve the problem of real-time evaluation of collision risk of ships in the process of encountering.
- (3)
- By providing real-time decision support for unmanned ships in actual operation, an on-board anti-collision decision-making system is applied and the automation level of an autonomous ship is promoted.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ship Area Division
2.2. The Force on the Ship
2.2.1. Ship Gravity
2.2.2. Environmental Force
2.2.3. Ship Power
2.3. Stress Analysis of Ship
2.4. Single-Ship Collision Risk Field Model
2.5. Navigational Hazard Index (NHI)
2.6. Regionalization of the Collision Risk Index
2.7. Diagram of Three Two-Ship Encounter Situation Types
3. Instance Verification
3.1. Select Examples
3.2. Research on the Ship Collision Risk Index Based on Field Theory
3.2.1. Examples of the Two-Ship Encounter Situation
3.2.2. Examples of Multi-Ship Encounter Situation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- This paper proposes an algorithm of a navigational hazard index based on field theory, which complements and combines the traditional method of calculating the risk of ship collision and considers the two-ship encounter situation and the multi-ship encounter situation. The problem of domain overlap is transformed into the problem of field overlap. Finally, through the verification of an example, the results show that this method can accurately and stably obtain the NHI in real time and evaluate the risk level around the ship.
- (2)
- The strength of the approach appears in the capability to provide real-time change of the NHI in autonomous ships, so that the ship operating system can judge the current collision risk and take collision avoidance measures quickly. It can be applied to an on-board anti-collision decision-making system and promotes the automation level of an autonomous ship. It can not only improve the navigation safety of ships at sea, but also provide a reference for the application and development of intelligent navigation technology.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Method by | Ship’s Length | Ship’s Speed | Two-Ship Encounter Situation | Multi-Ship Encounter Situation | Navigation Condition |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liu (2018) [35] | × | √ | × | × | × |
Im and Lulong (2019) [37] | √ | √ | × | × | √ |
Zhang and Meng (2019) [38] | √ | √ | × | × | × |
Zheng (2020) [33] | √ | √ | √ | × | × |
Jiang (2020) [36] | √ | √ | √ | × | × |
Region | NHI | Definition Description |
---|---|---|
Safe Area | NHI = 0 | No risk of collision. |
Caution Area | 0 < NHI ≤ 0.4 | The risk of collision is evident. |
Action Area | 0.4 < NHI ≤ 0.8 | The risk of collision is obvious. |
Emergency Braking Area | 0.8 < NHI ≤ 1 | The risk of collision is urgent. |
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Liu, Y.; Ma, Y. A Field Theory-Based Novel Algorithm for Navigational Hazard Index. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010178
Liu Y, Ma Y. A Field Theory-Based Novel Algorithm for Navigational Hazard Index. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023; 11(1):178. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010178
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yihua, and Yu Ma. 2023. "A Field Theory-Based Novel Algorithm for Navigational Hazard Index" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 1: 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010178
APA StyleLiu, Y., & Ma, Y. (2023). A Field Theory-Based Novel Algorithm for Navigational Hazard Index. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(1), 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010178