Detection of Oil in Ice and Snow
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of Detection of Oil in or under Ice and Snow
2.1. Optical Methods
2.2. Acoustic Methods
Underwater Acoustic Methods
2.3. Radio-Frequency Methods
Dielectric Constant | Conductivity (S/m) | |
---|---|---|
Snow | 1.4–2.5 | 10−7 |
Oil | 2–4 | 10−5 |
Fresh water ice | 3 | |
Sea Ice | 4–7 | >10−2 |
Frozen soil | 4–5 | |
Water | 80 |
2.4. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
2.5. UHF Radiometer
2.6. Gas Sniffing and Leak Detection
2.7. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
3. Detection of Surface Oil with Ice: Conventional Techniques
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fingas, M.; Brown, C.E. Detection of Oil in Ice and Snow. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2013, 1, 10-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse1010010
Fingas M, Brown CE. Detection of Oil in Ice and Snow. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2013; 1(1):10-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse1010010
Chicago/Turabian StyleFingas, Merv, and Carl E. Brown. 2013. "Detection of Oil in Ice and Snow" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 1, no. 1: 10-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse1010010