Morphological and Agronomic Characterization of Spanish Landraces of Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Seed Material
2.2. Descriptors Used for the Agronomic Characterization
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis
3.2. Description of the Variability of the Whole Set of Accessions and of the Groups Established
3.2.1. Variability of the Whole Set of Accessions
3.2.2. Description of the Three Accessions with Black-Colored Seeds
3.2.3. Description of the Six Accessions with Brown-Colored Seeds
3.2.4. Description of the Seven Accessions with White-Colored Seeds
3.2.5. Description of the Accessions with Different Seed Colors and of the Accessions with a Determinate Growth Habit
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Descriptor IBPGR [25] | Acronym | Unit/Scores |
---|---|---|
Quantitative | ||
Vegetative | ||
4.1.1. Leaflet length | (LeafL) | Measured on the terminal leaflet of third trifoliate leaf from pulvinus to leaf tip (cm) |
Width of the central sheet *** | (Wcshe) | Measured on the terminal leaflet of the third trifoliate leaf (cm) |
6.1.1. Hypocotyl length | (HypL) | Average length in cm, from 5 plants. Measured when primary leaves were fully expanded |
6.1.9. Plant height | (PlantH) | Average height, in cm, at maturity, from 5 plants. Measured from cotyledon scar to tip of the plant |
6.1.10. Stem diameter | (StemD) | Measured in mm at maturity for plants at crop density |
Inflorescence and pod | ||
4.2.2. Days to flowering | (Dflow) | Number of days from emergence to the stage where 50% of plants have set flowers |
4.2.3. Flower buds per inflorescence | (FlowBI) | Average number of flower buds from 5 plants, examining one inflorescence from each plant |
4.2.7. Pod length | (PodL) | Average length, in cm, of the largest fully expanded immature pod |
6.2.9. Inflorescence length | (InfloL) | Average length, in cm, from 5 plants |
6.2.10. Pedicel length | (PedL) | Average length, in cm, of older flower from 5 plants, examining one inflorescence from each plant |
6.2.18. Pods per plant | (PPlant) | Average from 5 plants at crop density |
Days to harvest *** | (Dharv) | Time period between seed sowing and mature pods sampling |
Seed | ||
6.3.1. Seeds per pod | (SeedP) | Average number of seeds from one pod, selected from 5 plants |
6.3.3. Seed weight | (SeedWh) | Weight of 100 seeds, in grams |
6.3.5.1. Length | (SeedL) | Measured parallel to the hilum (mm) |
6.3.5.2. Width | (SeedW) | mm |
6.3.5.3. Height | (SeedH) | Height, measured from hilum to opposite side (mm) |
Qualitative | ||
Vegetative | ||
Plant type ** | (Planty) | I. determinate bush, II. indeterminate straight, III. indeterminate crawling, IV. indeterminate climbing. |
Inflorescence and Pod | ||
4.2.6. Pod color (from the fully expanded immature pod) | (Pcol) | Dark purple (1), carmine red (2), purple stripe on green (3), carmine tripe on green (4), pale red stripe on green (5), dark pink (6), normal green (7), shiny green (8), dull green to silver gray (9), golden or yellow (10), pale yellow to white (11), other (12) |
4.2.8. Pod cross-section | (Pcross) | Very flat (1), pear-shaped (2), round elliptic (3), figure of eight (4), other (5) |
4.2.9. Pod curvature (of the fully expanded immature pod) | (Pcurv) | Straight (3), slightly curved (5), curved (7), recurving (9) |
4.2.10. Pod suture string | (Psuts) | Stringless (0), few strings (3), moderately stringy (5), very stringy (7) |
4.2.11. Pod color at physiological maturity | (Pcmat) | Dark purple (1), red (2), pink (3), yellow (4), pale yellow with colored mottling or stripes (5), persistent white (6) |
6.2.12. Position of pods | (PosP) | Base (1), center (2), top (3), combination of 1, 2, and 3 (4), other (5) |
6.2.15. Pod beak position | (Pbeakp) | Marginal (1), non-marginal (2) |
6.2.15. Pod beak orientation | (Pbeako) | Upward (3), straight (5), downward (7) |
6.2.17.2 Dry pod color | (Dpcol) | Dark purple (1), carmine red (2), purple stripe on green (3), carmine stripe on green (4), pale red stripe on green (5), dark pink (6), normal green (7), shiny green (8), dull green to silver gray (9), golden or deep yellow (10), pale yellow to white (11), other (12) |
Seed | ||
4.3.1. Seed coat patterns | (Scoatp) | Absent (0), constant mottled (1), striped (2), rhomboid spotted (3), speckled (4), circular mottling (5), marginal color pattern (6), broad-striped (7), bicolor (8), spotted bicolor (9), pattern around hilum (10), other (11) |
4.3.2. Seed coat color | (Scoatdc) | Black (1), brown, pale to dark (2), maroon (3), gray, brownish to greenish (4), yellow to greenish yellow (5), pale-cream to buff (6), pure white (7), whitish (8), white, purple-tinged (9), chlorophyll green (10). green to olive (11), red (12), pink (13), purple (14), other (15) |
4.3.4. Brilliance of seed | (BSeed) | Matte (3), medium (5), shiny (7) |
4.3.5. Seed shape | (SHseed) | Round (1), oval (2), cuboid (3), kidney-shaped (4), kidney pronounced (5), fastigiate trunk (6) |
6.3.2. Apparent seed veining | (Aseed) | Absent (0), Present (1) |
Dependent Variable | Independent Variable | ||
---|---|---|---|
Cultivar | Cycle | Cultivar × Cycle | |
LeafL (Leaflet length) | 36.42 *** | 0.468 ns | 0.79 ns |
Wcshe (Width of the central sheet) | 46.42 *** | 1.479 ns | 0.97 ns |
HypL (Hypocotyl length) | 135.54 *** | 0.480 ns | 28.52 *** |
PlantH (Plant height) | 492.86 *** | 3.24 ns | 0.28 ns |
StemD (Stem diameter) | 40.29 *** | 0.055 ns | 9.85 *** |
FlowBI (Flower buds per inflorescence) | 31.07 *** | 0.09 ns | 2.57 *** |
PodL (Pedicel length) | 172.61 *** | 2.05 ns | 3.40 *** |
InfloL (Inflorescence length) | 85.31 *** | 14.21 *** | 32.06 *** |
PedL (Pedicel length) | 70.89 *** | 1.90 ns | 15.68 *** |
Pplant (Pods per plant) | 222.09 *** | 3.92 * | 0.58 ns |
SeedP (Seed per pod) | 31.24 *** | 7.09 ** | 1.07 ns |
SeedL (Length) | 237.02 | 0.42 | 3.76 *** |
SeedW (Width) | 73.49 *** | 1.14 ns | 7.47 *** |
SeedH (Height) | 71.75 *** | 6.35 * | 3.93 *** |
Yield | 343.70 *** | 2.27 ns | 4.22 *** |
Component 1 | Component 2 | Component 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
LeafL | 0.09 | 0.39 | −0.08 |
Wcshe | 0.08 | 0.38 | −0.14 |
HypL | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.17 |
PlantH | −0.17 | −0.19 | 0.18 |
StemD | 0.09 | 0.20 | −0.22 |
Dflow | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.12 |
FlowBI | 0.13 | 0.14 | −0.07 |
PodL | 0.22 | 0.07 | 0.26 |
InfloL | 0.13 | −0.21 | −0.41 |
PedL | 0.14 | −0.19 | −0.39 |
Pplant | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.14 |
Dharv | 0.10 | −0.02 | −0.35 |
SeedP | 0.03 | 0.35 | 0.19 |
SeedWh | 0.36 | −0.25 | 0.04 |
SeedL | 0.33 | −0.18 | 0.28 |
SeedW | 0.33 | −0.15 | −0.13 |
SeedH | 0.35 | −0.22 | 0.02 |
Scoatdc | −0.22 | −0.24 | 0.22 |
SHseed | 0.20 | −0.23 | 0.23 |
Aseed | −0.29 | −0.12 | 0.15 |
Yield | 0.35 | 0.18 | 0.23 |
Accessions | HypL | PlantH | StemD | LeafL | Wcshe | Dflow | Dharv | FlowBI | InfloL | PedL | Pplant | PodL | SeedP | SeedL | SeedWh | SeedH | SeedW | Yield | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All accesions | Mean | 10.53 | 1.70 | 5.18 | 16.51 | 11.48 | 42.54 | 110.25 | 4.17 | 7.65 | 3.77 | 29.15 | 14.26 | 5.09 | 12.96 | 47.14 | 7.77 | 5.94 | 74.53 |
SD | 3.05 | 0.69 | 1.26 | 3.76 | 3.22 | 6.65 | 23.08 | 1.42 | 2.42 | 1.55 | 17.31 | 4.28 | 1.87 | 3.07 | 17.29 | 1.20 | 1.14 | 61.41 | |
CV | 28.98 | 40.39 | 24.35 | 22.74 | 28.02 | 15.64 | 20.94 | 34.04 | 31.69 | 41.16 | 59.38 | 30.04 | 36.78 | 23.68 | 36.68 | 15.49 | 19.24 | 82.39 | |
Range | 2.80 | 0.32 | 2.75 | 9.80 | 5.40 | 28.00 | 71.00 | 1.00 | 2.71 | 1.10 | 5.00 | 5.60 | 1.00 | 7.03 | 17.20 | 4.72 | 3.64 | 2.80 | |
19.00 | 2.95 | 8.40 | 26.50 | 20.20 | 55.00 | 157.00 | 8.00 | 14.60 | 8.10 | 72.00 | 28.50 | 9.00 | 21.39 | 81.40 | 11.49 | 8.71 | 242.75 | ||
Black (3) | Mean | 10.73 | 1.85 | 5.50 | 20.26 | 15.84 | 41.00 | 117.33 | 4.05 | 8.29 | 4.23 | 43.47 | 12.66 | 6.17 | 10.45 | 33.89 | 7.40 | 5.76 | 92.49 |
SD | 1.23 | 0.32 | 0.70 | 3.53 | 2.51 | 5.57 | 29.69 | 1.43 | 1.88 | 2.06 | 16.97 | 3.36 | 2.20 | 1.74 | 15.67 | 1.01 | 1.19 | 62.28 | |
CV | 11.50 | 17.44 | 12.77 | 17.44 | 15.83 | 13.58 | 25.30 | 35.35 | 22.67 | 48.64 | 39.03 | 26.53 | 35.65 | 16.64 | 46.25 | 13.59 | 20.71 | 67.33 | |
Range | 9.1 | 0.99 | 4.2 | 16 | 11 | 36 | 92 | 2 | 5.9 | 1.9 | 23 | 8 | 1 | 7.5 | 19.2 | 5.62 | 4.38 | 34.52 | |
12.6 | 2.4 | 6.5 | 26.5 | 20.2 | 47 | 150 | 6 | 12.1 | 8.1 | 72 | 18.5 | 9 | 12.77 | 50.39 | 9.77 | 8.71 | 193.95 | ||
Brown (8) | Mean | 10.67 | 2.28 | 5.88 | 16.05 | 10.89 | 43.83 | 114.17 | 3.98 | 6.97 | 3.63 | 39.66 | 13.94 | 5.64 | 13.91 | 60.09 | 7.95 | 5.96 | 124.67 |
SD | 2.70 | 0.38 | 1.41 | 3.48 | 2.43 | 8.86 | 22.99 | 1.39 | 1.46 | 1.48 | 17.69 | 3.76 | 1.68 | 2.95 | 17.82 | 1.47 | 1.34 | 57.97 | |
CV | 25.30 | 16.82 | 23.99 | 21.68 | 22.28 | 20.22 | 20.14 | 34.88 | 20.98 | 40.84 | 44.62 | 26.99 | 29.75 | 21.23 | 29.65 | 18.47 | 22.56 | 46.50 | |
Range | 4.5 | 1.75 | 2.9 | 9.8 | 7.8 | 35 | 94 | 1 | 3.8 | 1.1 | 5 | 5.6 | 2 | 9.49 | 37.45 | 5 | 3.64 | 18.97 | |
14.5 | 2.95 | 8.4 | 22.4 | 19.2 | 55 | 143 | 6 | 10.9 | 7 | 65 | 21.2 | 8 | 18.69 | 81.4 | 10.74 | 8.16 | 242.75 | ||
Whitish (10) | Mean | 11.64 | 1.80 | 4.52 | 16.32 | 11.55 | 45.29 | 112.14 | 3.89 | 6.57 | 3.20 | 26.30 | 15.92 | 5.02 | 12.52 | 39.56 | 7.44 | 5.52 | 54.07 |
SD | 2.93 | 0.20 | 0.84 | 2.92 | 2.78 | 2.69 | 21.07 | 1.49 | 2.89 | 1.32 | 10.51 | 5.25 | 1.89 | 2.84 | 12.86 | 1.06 | 0.92 | 38.14 | |
CV | 25.21 | 11.34 | 18.47 | 17.90 | 24.05 | 5.94 | 18.79 | 38.20 | 43.95 | 41.34 | 39.96 | 32.99 | 37.71 | 22.70 | 32.50 | 14.28 | 16.71 | 70.54 | |
Range | 7.8 | 1.2 | 2.75 | 11.1 | 7.2 | 41 | 87 | 2 | 2.71 | 1.1 | 8 | 9.8 | 2 | 7.41 | 19 | 4.72 | 3.89 | 15.14 | |
19 | 2.4 | 7.83 | 25 | 19.8 | 50 | 141 | 8 | 14.6 | 7.8 | 47 | 28.5 | 9 | 18.09 | 53.2 | 8.98 | 8.01 | 146.83 | ||
Yellow to greenish yellow (1) | Mean | 8.56 | 1.79 | 4.33 | 14.04 | 9.44 | 46 | 98.00 | 4.25 | 11.78 | 5.25 | 15.20 | 14.22 | 5.00 | 11.34 | 53.20 | 8.69 | 7.70 | 40.43 |
SD | 0.74 | 0.02 | 0.69 | 3.48 | 1.23 | - | - | 1.71 | 1.87 | 1.37 | 3.49 | 1.20 | 0.71 | 0.58 | - | 1.15 | 0.38 | 9.29 | |
CV | 8.65 | 1.34 | 16.03 | 24.80 | 13.08 | - | - | 40.18 | 15.91 | 26.14 | 22.98 | 8.47 | 14.14 | 5.16 | - | 13.23 | 4.90 | 22.98 | |
Range | 7.8 | 1.75 | 3.67 | 10.1 | 7.3 | 46 | 98 | 2 | 9 | 3.2 | 11 | 12.2 | 4 | 10.16 | 53.2 | 7.22 | 6.99 | 29.26 | |
9.5 | 1.81 | 5.3 | 20 | 10.9 | 46 | 98 | 6 | 13 | 6.1 | 20 | 15.2 | 6 | 12.06 | 53.2 | 11.49 | 8.11 | 53.2 | ||
Gray, brownish to greenish (1) | Mean | 6.18 | 1.80 | 6.04 | 17.68 | 13.50 | 37.00 | 157.00 | 4.33 | 7.67 | 4.05 | 12.00 | 13.95 | 4.50 | 12.23 | 38.60 | 7.90 | 5.62 | 20.84 |
SD | 1.80 | - | 1.41 | 1.15 | 1.09 | - | - | 1.21 | 0.82 | 0.61 | 3.39 | 0.90 | 0.84 | 0.90 | - | 0.32 | 0.34 | 5.89 | |
CV | 29.07 | - | 23.43 | 6.53 | 8.10 | - | - | 27.95 | 10.65 | 15.04 | 28.26 | 6.42 | 18.59 | 7.37 | - | 4.07 | 5.99 | 28.26 | |
Range | 4.8 | 1.8 | 3.62 | 16 | 11.9 | 37 | 157 | 3 | 7 | 3.4 | 8 | 13 | 3 | 10.92 | 38.6 | 7.39 | 5.3 | 13.89 | |
9.2 | 1.8 | 7.13 | 19 | 14.6 | 37 | 157 | 6 | 9 | 5 | 16 | 15.3 | 5 | 13.74 | 38.6 | 8.33 | 6.26 | 27.79 | ||
Maroon (1) | Mean | 13.66 | 2.26 | 4.84 | 19.29 | 14.67 | 51.00 | 110.00 | 3.80 | 6.48 | 2.34 | 51.20 | 17.42 | 5.60 | 15.10 | 63.70 | 8.56 | 7.46 | 182.64 |
SD | 0.55 | 0.19 | 0.44 | 1.51 | 2.93 | - | - | 0.45 | 0.38 | 0.35 | 7.01 | 3.10 | 0.89 | 0.59 | - | 0.29 | 0.39 | 25.02 | |
CV | 4.00 | 8.25 | 9.18 | 7.83 | 19.97 | - | - | 11.77 | 5.92 | 14.99 | 13.70 | 17.82 | 15.97 | 3.91 | - | 3.42 | 5.23 | 13.70 | |
Range | 12.8 | 2.08 | 4.33 | 17 | 9.5 | 51 | 110 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 44 | 12.1 | 4 | 14.14 | 63.7 | 8.09 | 6.77 | 156.95 | |
14.2 | 2.5 | 5.36 | 21.2 | 17.8 | 51 | 110 | 4 | 6.9 | 2.9 | 62 | 19.8 | 6 | 16.16 | 63.7 | 8.99 | 8.14 | 221.16 | ||
Determinate growth habit | |||||||||||||||||||
Whithish (3) | Mean | 6.97 | 0.54 | 4.76 | 15.70 | 9.98 | 41.00 | 102.00 | 4.63 | 8.74 | 4.97 | 13.36 | 10.36 | 3.41 | 12.06 | 38.33 | 7.58 | 6.00 | 19.44 |
SD | 3.02 | 0.13 | 0.51 | 4.77 | 2.59 | 3.61 | 4.58 | 1.45 | 2.78 | 1.58 | 4.07 | 2.92 | 1.08 | 3.54 | 20.86 | 1.30 | 0.94 | 13.69 | |
CV | 43.25 | 23.33 | 10.76 | 30.36 | 25.90 | 8.79 | 4.49 | 31.46 | 31.76 | 31.88 | 30.46 | 28.16 | 31.80 | 29.35 | 54.41 | 17.19 | 15.62 | 70.42 | |
Range | 2.8 | 0.335 | 4.2 | 9.8 | 5.4 | 38 | 98 | 2 | 4.23 | 2.8 | 6 | 6.5 | 2 | 7.03 | 17.2 | 5.22 | 4.68 | 2.80 | |
9.8 | 0.7 | 5.87 | 26 | 14 | 45 | 107 | 6 | 12.5 | 7.1 | 22 | 15.1 | 5 | 17.15 | 58.9 | 9.56 | 7.49 | 47.94 | ||
Brown (2) | Mean | 12.22 | 0.42 | 5.43 | 13.70 | 7.58 | 30.50 | 76.50 | 5.23 | 9.30 | 3.66 | 13.20 | 16.83 | 4.07 | 16.85 | 60.90 | 8.37 | 6.01 | 32.50 |
SD | 1.91 | 0.08 | 2.12 | 1.90 | 0.76 | 3.54 | 7.78 | 1.17 | 1.51 | 0.73 | 4.21 | 1.49 | 1.14 | 1.66 | 2.40 | 0.81 | 0.62 | 10.76 | |
CV | 19.49 | 16.35 | 27.16 | 12.77 | 9.55 | 10.71 | 9.49 | 19.43 | 16.58 | 16.50 | 60.16 | 9.24 | 28.53 | 10.84 | 4.06 | 10.11 | 10.71 | 63.35 | |
Range | 9 | 0.315 | 3.4 | 10.4 | 6.5 | 28 | 71 | 3 | 7.8 | 2.8 | 7 | 14.5 | 1 | 14.51 | 59.2 | 7.11 | 4.64 | 16.99 | |
15 | 0.55 | 8.1 | 16.1 | 9 | 33 | 82 | 6 | 12 | 4.8 | 21 | 19.2 | 5 | 21.39 | 62.6 | 9.67 | 7.04 | 50.97 |
Accessions | HypL | PlantH | StemD | LeafL | Wcshe | Dflow | Dharv | FlowBI | InfloL | PedL | Pplant | PodL | SeedP | SeedL | SeedWh | SeedH | SeedW | Yield | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All accessions | Mean | 10.59 | 1.69 | 5.13 | 17.03 | 12.11 | 42.25 | 108.5 | 4.18 | 7.38 | 3.57 | 30.14 | 14.38 | 5.34 | 12.91 | 46.15 | 7.65 | 5.89 | 76.06 |
SD | 3.03 | 0.66 | 1.06 | 3.87 | 3.26 | 8.41 | 21.86 | 1.51 | 2.97 | 1.62 | 18.02 | 3.98 | 1.76 | 2.97 | 16.56 | 1.04 | 0.99 | 61.71 | |
CV | 28.65 | 39.02 | 20.73 | 22.75 | 26.88 | 19.92 | 20.15 | 36.15 | 40.2 | 45.37 | 59.78 | 27.67 | 33.02 | 23.01 | 35.89 | 13.6 | 16.77 | 81.13 | |
Range | 2 | 0.25 | 3.14 | 9.8 | 6.5 | 27 | 70 | 1 | 1.5 | 0.98 | 4 | 6.8 | 1 | 6.59 | 16.98 | 5.41 | 4.03 | 6.99 | |
17.8 | 2.98 | 7.87 | 26.5 | 20.5 | 55 | 153 | 9 | 25.54 | 12.22 | 77 | 27.8 | 9 | 21.17 | 76.23 | 10.15 | 9.38 | 232.82 | ||
Black (3) | Mean | 12.15 | 1.88 | 5.04 | 20.31 | 15.82 | 42.33 | 121.33 | 4.52 | 7.47 | 3.41 | 44.4 | 12.83 | 6.67 | 10.52 | 35.29 | 7.23 | 5.68 | 108.08 |
SD | 2.95 | 0.18 | 0.97 | 3.44 | 1.68 | 6.43 | 28.18 | 1.36 | 1.92 | 1.52 | 18.71 | 4.31 | 1.83 | 2.04 | 17.4 | 1.01 | 1.13 | 75.21 | |
CV | 24.28 | 9.39 | 19.31 | 16.96 | 10.6 | 15.19 | 23.23 | 30.16 | 25.7 | 44.61 | 42.13 | 33.62 | 27.39 | 19.43 | 49.3 | 13.91 | 19.83 | 69.58 | |
Range | 8.9 | 1.7 | 3.9 | 16.2 | 13.6 | 35 | 99 | 2 | 5.5 | 2.1 | 21 | 8 | 4 | 7.24 | 18.374 | 5.76 | 4.1 | 33.56 | |
17.8 | 2.4 | 7.87 | 26.5 | 19.5 | 47 | 153 | 6 | 12 | 7.8 | 77 | 19.4 | 9 | 13.32 | 53.13 | 8.99 | 7.78 | 232.82 | ||
Brown (8) | Mean | 11.93 | 2.27 | 5.34 | 16.91 | 11.84 | 44 | 113.33 | 4.05 | 7.35 | 3.56 | 41.73 | 14.53 | 6.23 | 13.54 | 54.67 | 8.02 | 6.25 | 123.87 |
SD | 1.3 | 0.41 | 1.19 | 3.9 | 2.78 | 9.01 | 25.08 | 1.69 | 3.73 | 1.78 | 18.74 | 3.42 | 1.55 | 2.45 | 16.18 | 1.08 | 0.91 | 57.58 | |
CV | 10.92 | 18.15 | 22.27 | 23.04 | 23.5 | 20.48 | 22.13 | 41.82 | 50.74 | 50.06 | 44.91 | 23.51 | 24.85 | 18.12 | 29.61 | 13.41 | 14.53 | 46.48 | |
Range | 9.8 | 1.6 | 3.35 | 9.8 | 7.8 | 34 | 91 | 2 | 3.8 | 1.9 | 4 | 6.8 | 2 | 9 | 36.18 | 5.46 | 4.27 | 18.688 | |
14.5 | 2.98 | 7.83 | 24.5 | 19.2 | 54 | 147 | 9 | 25.54 | 12.22 | 65 | 21.2 | 8 | 17.7 | 76.23 | 9.65 | 9.38 | 217.47 | ||
Whitish (10) | Mean | 10.63 | 1.81 | 4.88 | 15.95 | 11.79 | 43.86 | 111.29 | 3.39 | 6.04 | 2.87 | 26.09 | 15.5 | 5.1 | 12.56 | 39.39 | 7.43 | 5.43 | 51.36 |
SD | 2.65 | 0.19 | 0.88 | 3.33 | 3.02 | 8.13 | 20.85 | 1.27 | 2.03 | 1.06 | 10.44 | 4.88 | 1.81 | 2.53 | 11.38 | 0.98 | 0.92 | 30.47 | |
CV | 24.92 | 10.69 | 17.95 | 20.87 | 25.58 | 18.54 | 18.74 | 37.51 | 33.7 | 36.96 | 40.04 | 31.46 | 35.58 | 20.14 | 28.89 | 13.19 | 16.95 | 59.33 | |
Range | 5.4 | 1.31 | 3.14 | 11.1 | 7.5 | 27 | 85 | 1 | 3.2 | 0.98 | 9 | 7.9 | 2 | 8.01 | 19.534 | 5.41 | 4.03 | 17.17 | |
15.6 | 2.5 | 7.8 | 25.2 | 20.5 | 53 | 138 | 6 | 14.3 | 6 | 45 | 27.8 | 8 | 17.4 | 49.1 | 9.36 | 7.9 | 128.79 | ||
Yellow to greenish yellow | Mean | 8.22 | 1.8 | 4.88 | 14 | 9.55 | 49 | 98 | 4.4 | 11.48 | 4.28 | 16.2 | 13.08 | 4.8 | 10.49 | 56.1 | 7.85 | 7.27 | 43.62 |
SD | 0.83 | 0.05 | 0.59 | 3.35 | 1.24 | - | - | 1.52 | 1.43 | 0.47 | 5.89 | 0.27 | 1.1 | 0.67 | - | 0.54 | 0.45 | 15.86 | |
CV | 10.08 | 2.53 | 12.07 | 23.92 | 12.99 | - | - | 34.47 | 12.43 | 11.01 | 36.36 | 2.05 | 22.82 | 6.38 | - | 6.83 | 6.15 | 36.36 | |
Range | 7.2 | 1.76 | 3.94 | 10.1 | 7.3 | 49 | 98 | 2 | 9 | 3.9 | 9 | 12.8 | 3 | 9.64 | 56.1 | 6.78 | 6.69 | 24.23 | |
9.1 | 1.88 | 5.45 | 20 | 10.9 | 49 | 98 | 6 | 12.5 | 5.1 | 23 | 13.5 | 6 | 11.63 | 56.1 | 8.43 | 7.91 | 61.93 | ||
Gray, brownish to greenish | Mean | 7.32 | 1.8 | 6.8 | 17.3 | 13.56 | 40 | 125 | 4.6 | 8.58 | 4.4 | 12.8 | 14.96 | 4.6 | 11.93 | 37.05 | 6.86 | 5.22 | 21.82 |
SD | 1.7 | 0.09 | 0.46 | 1.37 | 0.88 | - | - | 1.14 | 1.06 | 1.01 | 1.92 | 0.47 | 0.52 | 0.82 | - | 0.37 | 0.35 | 3.28 | |
CV | 23.25 | 5.06 | 6.74 | 7.95 | 6.53 | - | - | 24.79 | 12.4 | 22.9 | 15.03 | 3.16 | 11.23 | 6.85 | - | 5.39 | 6.61 | 15.03 | |
Range | 5.6 | 1.65 | 6.3 | 15.8 | 12.5 | 40 | 125 | 3 | 6.9 | 3.2 | 10 | 14.5 | 4 | 10.71 | 37.05 | 6.08 | 4.48 | 17.04 | |
9.2 | 1.89 | 7.5 | 19.2 | 14.6 | 40 | 125 | 6 | 9.5 | 5.5 | 15 | 15.6 | 5 | 12.91 | 37.05 | 7.39 | 5.65 | 25.56 | ||
Maroon | Mean | 9.6 | 2.12 | 6.55 | 19.5 | 15.1 | 55 | 110 | 4.33 | 6.4 | 2.6 | 55.2 | 17.68 | 5.67 | 14.18 | 59.01 | 8.15 | 6.82 | 184.58 |
SD | 2.54 | 0.03 | 0.92 | 1.49 | 3.05 | - | - | 1.86 | 0.23 | 0.4 | 6.61 | 1.68 | 0.82 | 0.79 | - | 0.45 | 0.62 | 22.11 | |
CV | 26.43 | 1.36 | 14 | 7.66 | 20.21 | - | - | 42.97 | 3.56 | 15.38 | 11.98 | 9.49 | 14.41 | 5.54 | - | 5.49 | 9.14 | 11.98 | |
Range | 4.8 | 2.1 | 5.53 | 17 | 9.5 | 55 | 110 | 3 | 6.2 | 2.1 | 48 | 14.8 | 4 | 12.75 | 59.01 | 7.26 | 5.6 | 160.50 | |
11.5 | 2.15 | 7.31 | 21.2 | 17.8 | 55 | 110 | 8 | 6.8 | 3.1 | 63 | 19.1 | 6 | 15.27 | 59.01 | 8.58 | 7.68 | 210.66 | ||
Determinate growth habit | |||||||||||||||||||
Whitish (3) | Mean | 7.28 | 0.54 | 4.81 | 17.59 | 11.03 | 39 | 98.67 | 5 | 8.11 | 4.99 | 14.8 | 10.96 | 3.89 | 12.44 | 34.8 | 7.36 | 5.48 | 21 |
SD | 3.64 | 0.15 | 0.78 | 4.59 | 1.81 | 3.61 | 7.09 | 1.07 | 3.66 | 2.35 | 2.93 | 2.83 | 0.89 | 3.64 | 15.99 | 1.04 | 0.5 | 11.64 | |
CV | 49.93 | 28.18 | 16.2 | 26.11 | 16.39 | 9.25 | 7.19 | 21.38 | 45.11 | 47.11 | 19.81 | 25.87 | 22.93 | 29.27 | 45.96 | 14.14 | 9.2 | 55.41 | |
Range | 2 | 0.251 | 3.82 | 12 | 8 | 35 | 91 | 3 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 10 | 7 | 2 | 6.59 | 16.98 | 5.5 | 4.83 | 6.98 | |
13.2 | 0.67 | 6.05 | 26 | 14 | 42 | 105 | 6 | 15 | 10.1 | 21 | 15.5 | 5 | 17.2 | 47.91 | 8.9 | 6.71 | 42.25 | ||
Brown (2) | Mean | 12.61 | 0.41 | 4.87 | 13.73 | 7.42 | 27.5 | 76 | 5.22 | 9.04 | 4.31 | 14.3 | 15.26 | 4.28 | 17.59 | 70.69 | 8.48 | 6.52 | 42.72 |
SD | 2.2 | 0.08 | 1.21 | 2.02 | 0.63 | 0.71 | 8.49 | 1.09 | 3.29 | 1.26 | 2.98 | 1.41 | 1.02 | 1.74 | 7.78 | 0.9 | 0.58 | 7.82 | |
CV | 17.47 | 19.21 | 24.77 | 14.73 | 8.54 | 2.57 | 11.16 | 20.93 | 36.36 | 29.17 | 20.86 | 9.24 | 23.79 | 9.89 | 11 | 10.58 | 8.83 | 18.31 | |
Range | 7 | 0.285 | 3.49 | 10.4 | 6.5 | 27 | 70 | 3 | 5.1 | 2.3 | 8 | 13.5 | 1 | 14.89 | 65.189 | 7.15 | 5.52 | 25.14 | |
15.1 | 0.531 | 7.19 | 16.1 | 8 | 28 | 82 | 6 | 13.1 | 6.2 | 19 | 17.2 | 5 | 21.17 | 76.19 | 10.15 | 7.49 | 54.49 |
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Arteaga, S.; Yabor, L.; Torres, J.; Solbes, E.; Muñoz, E.; Díez, M.J.; Vicente, O.; Boscaiu, M. Morphological and Agronomic Characterization of Spanish Landraces of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Agriculture 2019, 9, 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9070149
Arteaga S, Yabor L, Torres J, Solbes E, Muñoz E, Díez MJ, Vicente O, Boscaiu M. Morphological and Agronomic Characterization of Spanish Landraces of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Agriculture. 2019; 9(7):149. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9070149
Chicago/Turabian StyleArteaga, Sugenith, Lourdes Yabor, José Torres, Eva Solbes, Enrique Muñoz, María José Díez, Oscar Vicente, and Monica Boscaiu. 2019. "Morphological and Agronomic Characterization of Spanish Landraces of Phaseolus vulgaris L." Agriculture 9, no. 7: 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9070149