Why Pain Is Still a Welfare Issue for Farm Animals, and How Facial Expression Could Be the Answer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Anatomy and Physiology of Pain
3. Causes of Pain in Farm Animals
3.1. Disease
3.2. Housing and Handling
3.3. Routine Practices
3.4. Parturition
4. Impacts of Pain on Animal Behavior, Production and Economics
5. Assessing Pain in Farm Animals
5.1. The Use Facial Expression to Identify and Evaluate Pain in Farm Animals
Automation of Facial Expression Detection in Sheep
6. Preventing and Managing Pain
6.1. Preventing Pain from Occurring
6.2. Pain Management
7. Future Research
8. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Procedure | Methods | Reason | Species |
---|---|---|---|
Castration | Rubber ring, surgical removal, clamping/crushing of the spermatic cord | Reproduction control, enhance carcass quality e.g., tainting, reduce aggressive behavior, improve ease of handling | Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs |
Tail docking | Rubber ring, surgical removal, or cautery iron | Reduce undesired behavior e.g., tail biting in pigs, reduce chances of fly strike (e.g., sheep), reduce disease spread (e.g., cattle) | Cattle, sheep, pigs |
De-horning/disbudding | Cauterization, caustic chemical disbudding, surgical disbudding, amputation dehorning | Reduce chances of injury to others (animal and humans), prevent carcass damage such as bruising | Sheep, cattle |
Ear tagging/notching | Tagging machines, punching hole in the ear, ear notching | Identification | Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs |
Branding/freeze-branding | Hot iron, freeze branding using liquid nitrogen. | Identification | Cattle, pigs |
Mulesing | Cutting away skin folds around perianal region | Reduce chances of fly strike (e.g., sheep) | Sheep |
Teeth grinding/clipping | Electrical grinding, manual clippers | Prevent carcass damage such as bruising | Pigs |
Nose ringing | Specialized equipment to punch hole in septum | Reduce damage to environment | Pigs, cattle |
Beak trimming | Cauterizing blade, infrared beam | Reduce feather pecking and carcass damage | Chickens |
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McLennan, K.M. Why Pain Is Still a Welfare Issue for Farm Animals, and How Facial Expression Could Be the Answer. Agriculture 2018, 8, 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8080127
McLennan KM. Why Pain Is Still a Welfare Issue for Farm Animals, and How Facial Expression Could Be the Answer. Agriculture. 2018; 8(8):127. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8080127
Chicago/Turabian StyleMcLennan, Krista Marie. 2018. "Why Pain Is Still a Welfare Issue for Farm Animals, and How Facial Expression Could Be the Answer" Agriculture 8, no. 8: 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8080127