Impact of Potentially Contaminated River Water on Agricultural Irrigated Soils in an Equatorial Climate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sources of Pollutants in the River Water
2.3. Soil Sampling
2.4. Laboratory Analysis
2.5. Statistical Methods and Isoline Plotting
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Sources of Pollutants in the River Water
3.2. Physicochemical Conditions
3.3. Chemical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Buol, S.W. Soils and agriculture in central-west and north Brazil. Sci. Agric. 2009, 66, 697–707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brevik, E.C.; Calzolari, C.; Miller, B.A.; Pereira, P.; Kabala, C.; Baumgarten, A.; Jordán, A. Soil mapping, classification, and pedologic modeling: History and future directions. Geoderma 2016, 264, 256–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keesstra, S.D.; Johan, B.; Jakob, W.; Pablo, T.; Pete, S.; Artem, C.; Luca, M.; John, Q.; Yakov, P.; Wim, H.; et al. The significance of soils and soil science towards realization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Soil 2016, 2, 111–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Czarnecki, S.; Düring, R.A. Influence of long-term mineral fertilization on metal contents and properties of soil samples taken from different locations in Hesse. Ger. Soil 2015, 1, 23–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, A.; Sharma, R.K.; Agrawal, M.; Marshall, F.M. Risk assessment of heavy metal toxicity through contaminated vegetables from waste water irrigated area of Varanasi, India. Trop. Ecol. 2010, 51, 375–387. [Google Scholar]
- Vergine, P.; Lonigro, A.; Salerno, C.; Rubino, P.; Berardi, G.; Pollice, A. Nutrient recovery and crop yield enhancement in irrigation with reclaimed wastewater: A case study. Urban Water J. 2017, 14, 325–330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qadir, M.; Wichelns, D.; Raschid-Sally, L.; McCornick, P.G.; Drechsel, P.; Bahri, A.; Minhas, P.S. The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries. Agric. Water Manag. 2010, 97, 561–568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Helmke, M.F.; Losco, R.L. Soil’s Influence on Water Quality and Human Health. In Soils and Human Health; Brevik, E.C., Burgess, L.C., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2012; pp. 155–176. [Google Scholar]
- Becerra-Castro, C.; Lopes, A.R.; Vaz-Moreira, I.; Silva, E.F.; Manaia, C.M.; Nunes, O.C. Wastewater reuse in irrigation: A microbiological perspective on implications in soil fertility and human and environmental health. Environ. Int. 2015, 75, 117–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gatta, G.; Libutti, A.; Beneduce, L.; Gagliardi, A.; Disciglio, G.; Lonigro, A.; Tarantino, E. Reuse of treated municipal wastewater for globe artichoke irrigation: Assessment of effects on morpho-quantitative parameters and microbial safety of yield. Sci. Hortic. 2016, 213, 55–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reed, S.C.; Crites, R.W.; Middlebrooks, E.J. Natural Systems for Waste Management and Treatment, 2nd ed.; McGraw-Hill, Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 1995. [Google Scholar]
- Wuana, R.A.; Okieimen, F.E. Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A Review of Sources, Chemistry, Risks and Best Available Strategies for Remediation. Int. Sch. Res. Not. 2011, 2011, 402647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fatta-Kassinos, D.; Kalavrouziotis, I.K.; Koukoulakis, P.H.; Vasquez, M.I. The risks associated with wastewater reuse and xenobiotics in the agroecological environment. Sci. Total Environ. 2011, 409, 3555–3563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aydin, M.E.; Aydin, S.; Beduk, F.; Tor, A.; Tekinay, A.; Kolb, M.; Bahadir, M. Effects of long-term irrigation with untreated municipal wastewater on soil properties and crop quality. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2015, 22, 19203–19212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mapanda, F.; Mangwayana, E.N.; Nyamangara, J.; Giller, K.E. The effect of long-term irrigation using wastewater on heavy metal contents of soils under vegetables in Harare, Zimbabwe. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2005, 107, 151–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alobaidy, A.H.M.J.; Al-Sameraiy, M.A.; Kadhem, A.J.; Majeed, A.A. Evaluation of treated municipal wastewater quality for irrigation. J. Environ. Prot. 2010, 1, 216–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qadir, M.; Mateo-Sagasta, J.; Jiménez, B.; Siebe, C.; Siemens, J.; Hanjra, M.A. Environmental Risks and Cost-Effective Risk Management in Wastewater Use Systems. In Wastewater; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2015; pp. 55–72. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, H.K.; Jang, T.I.; Kim, S.M.; Park, S.W. Impact of domestic wastewater irrigation on heavy metal contamination in soil and vegetables. Environ. Earth Sci. 2015, 73, 2377–2383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Disciglio, G.; Gatta, G.; Libutti, A.; Gagliardi, A.; Carlucci, A.; Lops, F.; Tarantino, A. Effects of irrigation with treated agro-industrial wastewater on soil chemical characteristics and fungal populations during processing tomato crop cycle. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 2015, 15, 765–780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rahman, S.H.; Khanam, D.; Adyel, T.M.; Islam, M.S.; Ahsan, M.A.; Akbor, M.A. Assessment of heavy metal contamination of agricultural soil around Dhaka Export Processing Zone (DEPZ), Bangladesh: Implication of seasonal variation and indices. Appl. Sci. 2012, 2, 584–601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brevik, E.C.; Sauer, T.J. The past, present, and future of soils and human health studies. Soil 2015, 1, 35–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Simmons, R.W.; Qadir, M.; Drechsel, P. Farm-based measures for reducing human and environmental health risks from chemical constituents in wastewater. In Wastewater Irrigation and Health: Assessing and Mitigating Risks in Low-Income Countries; Drechsel, P., Scott, C.A., Raschid-Sally, L., Redwood, M., Bahri, A., Eds.; Earthscan-International Development Research Centre (IDRC)—International Water Management Institute (IWMI): New Delhi, India, 2010; pp. 209–238. [Google Scholar]
- Pulido, M.V.; Font, R.; Obregón-Cano, S.; Moreno-Rojas, R.; López, M.Á.A.; Anter, J.; Muñoz-Serrano, A.; De Haro Bailón, A.; Alonso-Moraga, A.; Del Río-Celestino, M. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of metal(oid)s bioactivated in rocket leaves (Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa Miller). Chemosphere 2013, 93, 2554–2561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gupta, N.; Khan, D.K.; Santra, S.C. Determination of public health hazard potential of wastewater reuse in crop production. World Rev. Sci. Technol. Sustain. Dev. 2010, 7, 328–340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Zang, S. Distribution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of toxic heavy metals and metalloid in surface water of lakes in Daqing Heilongjiang Province, China. Ecotoxicology 2014, 23, 609–617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rattan, R.K.; Datta, S.P.; Chhonkar, P.K.; Suribabu, K.; Singh, A.K. Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater—A case study. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2005, 109, 310–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abdu, N.; Abdulkadir, A.; Agbenin, J.O.; Buerkert, A. Vertical distribution of heavy metals in wastewater-irrigated vegetable garden soils of three West African cities. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 2011, 89, 387–397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trujillo-González, J.M.; Torres-Mora, M.A.; Keesstra, S.; Brevik, E.C.; Jiménez-Ballesta, R. Heavy metal accumulation related to population density in road dust samples taken from urban sites under different land uses. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 553, 636–642. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guénon, R.; Gros, R. Soil microbial functions after forest fires affected by compost quality. Land Degrad. Dev. 2016, 27, 1391–1402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paz-Ferreiro, J.; Lu, H.; Fu, S.; Méndez, A.; Gascó, G. Use of phytoremediation and biochar to remediate heavy metal polluted soils: A review. Solid Earth 2014, 5, 65–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mahmoud, E.; Abd, E.-K.N. Heavy metal immobilization in contaminated soils using phosphogypsum and rice straw compost. Land Degrad. Dev. 2015, 26, 819–824. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gronwald, M.; Don, A.; Tiemeyer, B.; Helfrich, M. Effects of fresh and aged chars from pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization on nutrient sorption in agricultural soils. Soil 2015, 1, 475–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- FAO-ISRIC-ISSS. World Reference Base for Soil Resources; A Framework for International Classification, Correlation and Communication; World Soil Resources Reports 103; Food and Agriculture Organization: Rome, Italy, 2006; p. 132. [Google Scholar]
- Blum, W. Soil Protection Concept of the Council of Europe and Integrated Soil Research. In Integrated Soil and Sediment Research: A basis for Proper Protection, Soil and Environment; Eijsackers, H.J.P., Hamer, T., Eds.; Kluwer Academic: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Koch, A.; McBratney, A.; Adams, M.; Field, D.; Hill, R.; Crawford, J.; Zimmermann, M. Soil security: Solving the global soil crisis. Glob. Policy 2013, 4, 434–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pla, I. Advances in soil conservation research: Challenges for the future. Span. J. Soil Sci. 2014, 4, 265–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barbero-Sierra, C.; Marques, M.J.; Ruiz-Pérez, M.; Escadafal, R.; Exbrayat, W. How is desertification research addressed in Spain? Land versus soil approaches. Land Degrad. Dev. 2015, 26, 423–432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, L.W.; Zhong, J.; Chen, F.F.; Cao, F.X.; Li, J.J.; Wu, L.C. Evaluation of soil fertility in the succession of karst rocky desertification using principal component analysis. Solid Earth 2015, 6, 515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arora, M.; Kiran, B.; Rani, S.; Rani, A.; Kaur, B.; Mittal, N. Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables irrigated with water from different sources. Food Chem. 2008, 111, 811–815. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nyamangara, J.; Mzezewa, J. The effect of long-term sewage sludge application on Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb levels in a clay loam soil under pasture grass in Zimbabwe. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 1999, 73, 199–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cao, Z.H.; Hu, Z.Y. Copper contamination in paddy soils irrigated with wastewater. Chemosphere 2000, 41, 3–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, K.P.; Mohan, D.; Sinha, S.; Dalwani, R. Impact assessment of treated/untreated wastewater toxicants discharged by sewage treatment plants on health, agricultural, and environmental quality in the wastewater disposal area. Chemosphere 2004, 55, 227–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi—IGAC. Estudio General de Suelos y Zonificación de Tierras; Departamento de Meta: Bogotá, Colombia, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Micó, C.; Recatalá, L.; Peris, M.; Sánchez, J. Assessing heavy metal sources in agricultural soils of an European Mediterranean area by multivariate analysis. Chemosphere 2006, 65, 863–872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi (IGAC). Métodos Analíticos del Laboratorio de Suelos, 6th ed.; IGAC: Bogotá, Colombia, 2006; p. 648. [Google Scholar]
- UN Water. Tackling a Global Crisis: International Year of Sanitation 2008. Available online: http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/IYS_flagship_web_small.pdf (accessed on 15 April 2015).
- Chaggu, E.; Mashauri, D.; Buuren, J.V.; Sanders, W.; Lettinga, G. Excreta Disposal in Dar-es-Salaam. Environ. Manag. 2002, 30, 609–620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ecopetrol. Caracterización Fisicoquímica, Hidrobiológica y Ecotoxicológica Aguas Residuales Industriales Estación de Recolección Apiay (era) y Cuerpo de Agua Receptor de su Vertimiento (Río Ocoa); Informe Técnico; Ecopetrol: Bogotá, Colombia, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Krook, J.; Svensson, N.; Eklund, M. Landfill mining: A critical review of two decades of research. Waste Manag. 2012, 32, 513–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abu-Daabes, M.; Qdais, H. A.; Alsyouri, H. Assessment of Heavy Metals and Organics in Municipal Solid Waste Leachates from Landfills with Different Ages in Jordan. J. Environ. Prot. 2013, 4, 344–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bos, R.; Carr, R.; Keraita, B. Assessing and mitigating wastewater related health risks in low-income countries: An introduction. In Wastewater Irrigation and Health: Assessing and Mitigating Risks in Low-Income Countries; Drechsel, P., Scott, C.A., Raschid-Sally, L., Redwood, M., Bahri, A., Eds.; Earthscan-International Development Research Centre (IDRC)—International Water Management Institute (IWMI): New Delhi, India, 2010; pp. 29–47. [Google Scholar]
- World Health Organization. Wastewater Use in Agriculture. In Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Grey Water; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2006; Volume 2. [Google Scholar]
- Brindha, K.; Elango, L. Soil and groundwater quality with reference to nitrate in a semiarid agricultural region. Arab. J. Geosci. 2014, 7, 4683–4695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- US Department of Agriculture. Soil Survey Staff Soil Survey Manual; Handbook 18; US Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, USA, 1951.
- McKeague, J.A.; Fox, C.A.; Stone, J.A.; Protz, R. Effects of cropping system on structure of Brookston clay loam in long-term experimental plots at Woodslee, Ontario. Can. J. Soil Sci. 1987, 67, 571–584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reynolds, W.D.; Drury, C.F.; Yang, X.M.; Tan, C.S.; Yang, J.Y. Impacts of 48 years of consistent cropping, fertilization and land management on the physical quality of a clay loam soil. Can. J. Soil Sci. 2014, 94, 403–419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zapata, R. Química de la Acidez del Suelo; Universidad Nacional de Colombia: Bogotá, Colombia, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- US Department of Agriculture. Soil Survey Manual. In Soil Survey Division Staff; Handbook 18; Soil Conservation Service; Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, USA, 1993; p. 437. [Google Scholar]
- Oo, A.N.; Iwai, C.B.; Saenjan, P. Soil properties and maize growth in saline and nonsaline soils using cassava-industrial waste compost and vermicompost with or without earthworms. Land Degrad. Dev. 2015, 26, 300–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sommer, M. Influence of soil pattern on matter transportation in and from terrestrial biogeosystems—A new concept for landscape pedology. Geoderma 2006, 133, 107–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sinegani, A.A.S.; Mahboobi, A.A.; Nazarizadeh, F. The effect of agricultural practices on the spatial variability of arbuscular mycorrhiza spores. Turk. J. Biol. 2005, 29, 149–153. [Google Scholar]
- Elliott, H.A.; Jaiswal, D. Phosphorus Management for Sustainable Agricultural Irrigation of Reclaimed Water. J. Environ. Eng. 2011, 138, 367–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kabata, A.; Mukherjee, A. Trace Elements from Soil to Human; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Klay, S.; Charef, A.; Ayed, L.; Houman, B.; Rezgui, F. Effect of irrigation with treated wastewater on geochemical properties (saltiness, C, N and heavy metals) of isohumic soils (Zaouit Sousse perimeter, Oriental Tunisia). Desalination 2010, 253, 180–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rincón, C.A.; Caicedo, G.S. Monitoreo de las condiciones de los suelos establecidos con la asociación maíz/pastos para la recuperación praderas degradadas en el piedemonte llanero. In Memorias, Proceedings of the XV Congreso Colombiano de la Ciencia del Suelo, “El suelo: soporte de la biodiversidad y la producción en los agroecosistemas tropicales”, Pereira, Colombia, 27–19 October 2010; Sociedad Colombiana de la Ciencia del Suelo, Comité Regional Eje Cafetero (CD-ROM), 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Jamioy-Orozco, D.; Menjivar-Flores, J.; Rubiano-Sanabria, Y. Indicadores químicos de calidad de suelos en sistemas productivos del Piedemonte de los Llanos Orientales de Colombia. Acta Agron. 2015, 64, 302–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mahecha-Pulido, J.D.; Trujillo-González, J.M.; Torres-Mora, M.A. Contenido de Metales Pesados en Suelos Agrícolas de la Región del Ariari; Departamento del Meta: Orinoquia, Colombia, 2015; pp. 118–122. [Google Scholar]
- Cerdà, A. Relationships between climate and soil hydrological and erosional characteristics along climatic gradients in Mediterranean limestone areas. Geomorphology 1998, 25, 123–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, S.; Ou, G.; Liu, J.; Wang, J.; Lu, G.; Ji, X. Seasonal variations in physical properties of shallow soils on the slope of Mt. Gongga, China. Arab. J. Geosci. 2015, 8, 1261–1271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Azouzi, R.; Charef, A.; Khadhar, S.; Shabou, N.; Boughanmi, H.; Hjiri, B.; Hajjaj, S. Effect of long-term irrigation with treated wastewater of three soil types on their bulk densities, chemical properties and PAHs content in semi-arid climate. Arab. J. Geosci. 2016, 9, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cerdà, A. Effect of climate on surface flow along a climatological gradient in Israel: A field rainfall simulation approach. J. Arid. Environ. 1998, 38, 145–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bockheim, J.G.; Gennadiyevm, A.N.; Hartemink, A.E.; Brevik, E.C. Soil-forming factors and Soil Taxonomy. Geoderma 2014, 226, 231–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Campos, A.C.; Etchevers, J.B.; Oleschko, K.L.; Hidalgo, C.M. Soil microbial biomass and nitrogen mineralization rates along an altitudinal gradient on the cofre de perote volcano (Mexico): The importance of landscape position and land use. Land Degrad. Dev. 2014, 25, 581–593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
OM | P | pH | Al | Ca | Mg | K | Na | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area of interest in this study | Mean | 1.5 NS | 8.5 NS | 4.5 NS | 1.1 NS | 1.2 NS | 0.3 NS | 0.2 NS | 0.1 NS |
Minimum | 1 | 0.8 | 4 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.04 | |
Maximum | 2 | 32.5 | 5.1 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.1 | |
Standard deviation | 0.3 | 8.76 | 0.28 | 0.57 | 0.52 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.03 | |
Coefficient of variation % | 19.4 | 103.6 | 6.2 | 49.7 | 42.2 | 68.4 | 44.1 | 34.1 | |
Number of measurements | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | |
Reference area | Mean | 1.4 NS | 2.5 NS | 3.9 NS | 1.2 Ns | 0.3 NS | 0.2 NS | 0.1 NS | 0.06 NS |
Number of measurements | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | |
Student t-test | 0.998 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.998 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.998 |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Trujillo-González, J.M.; Mahecha-Pulido, J.D.; Torres-Mora, M.A.; Brevik, E.C.; Keesstra, S.D.; Jiménez-Ballesta, R. Impact of Potentially Contaminated River Water on Agricultural Irrigated Soils in an Equatorial Climate. Agriculture 2017, 7, 52. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture7070052
Trujillo-González JM, Mahecha-Pulido JD, Torres-Mora MA, Brevik EC, Keesstra SD, Jiménez-Ballesta R. Impact of Potentially Contaminated River Water on Agricultural Irrigated Soils in an Equatorial Climate. Agriculture. 2017; 7(7):52. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture7070052
Chicago/Turabian StyleTrujillo-González, Juan M., Juan D. Mahecha-Pulido, Marco A. Torres-Mora, Eric C. Brevik, Saskia D. Keesstra, and Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta. 2017. "Impact of Potentially Contaminated River Water on Agricultural Irrigated Soils in an Equatorial Climate" Agriculture 7, no. 7: 52. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture7070052