Aflatoxin Contamination of the Milk Supply: A Pakistan Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Prevalence of Mycotoxins in Animal Feed in Pakistan
Mycotoxins | Type of Feed | Province | Maximum Concentration (ppb) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
AFB1 | Poultry feed and poultry feed ingredients | Punjab, Sindh, KPK, Baluchistan, GB | 78.0 | [30] |
AFB1 | Poultry feed and poultry feed ingredients | Punjab | 156.0 | [31] |
AFB1 | Poultry feed | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 266.6 | [32] |
AFB1 | Poultry broiler feed | Baluchistan | 166 | [33] |
AFB1 | Poultry feed | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 191.65 | [34] |
AFB2 | Poultry feed | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 86.85 | [34] |
AFG1 | Poultry feed | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 167.82 | [34] |
AFG2 | Poultry feed | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 89.9 | [34] |
OTA | Poultry feed ingredients | Sindh | 84.4 | [35] |
AFB2 | Poultry feed and feed ingredients | Punjab | 39.2 | [36] |
OTA | Poultry feed and feed ingredients | Punjab | 111.2 | [36] |
AFs | Feed ingredients | N/A | 57.0 | [37] |
AFB1 | Poultry feed and feed ingredients | Punjab | > 12.5 | [38] |
AFB1 | Concentrate feed | Punjab | 554 | [19] |
AFB2 | Concentrate feed | Punjab | 50 | [19] |
DON | Concentrate feed | Punjab | 166 | [19] |
FB1 | Concentrate feed | Punjab | 230 | [19] |
OTA | Concentrate feed | Punjab | 31.2 | [19] |
ZEA | Concentrate feed | Punjab | 18 | [19] |
3. Aflatoxin M1
Aflatoxin M1: Pakistan’s Perspective
Species | No. of Samples Analyzed | Mean Concentration ppb | Range of Concentration ppb | Samples Exceeding EU Limits (0.05 ppb) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mix (cattle & buffalo) | 168 | 0.371 | 0.01–0.70 | 99.40% | [57] |
Buffalo | 97 | 0.091 in winter | 0.050–0.200 in winter | 55% of winter | [17] |
0.042 in summer | 0.025–0.105 in summer | 38% of summer | |||
Cattle | 76 | 0.089 in winter | 0.065–0.150 in winter | 56% of winter | [17] |
0.022 in summer | 0.014–0.095 in summer | 33% of summer | |||
Goat | 62 | 0.069 in winter | 0.008–0.090 in winter | 32% of winter | [17] |
0.018 in summer | 0.009–0.088 in summer | 21% of summer | |||
Sheep | 75 | 0.079 in winter | 0.010–0.088 in winter | 58% of winter | [17] |
0.024 in summer | 0.012–0.069 in summer | 36% of summer | |||
Camel | 46 | 0.058 in winter | 0.012–0.064 in winter | 27% of winter | [17] |
0.010 in summer | 0.005–0.081 in summer | 14% of summer | |||
Mix (cattle & buffalo) | 107 | 0.151 | 0.00–0.845 | 41% | [15] |
Mix (cattle & buffalo) | 104 | 0.049 | 0.00–0.89 | 25% | [59] |
UHT Milk | 84 | 0.07 | 0.00–0.51 | 24% | [59] |
Buffalo | 360 | 0.027 | NA | 13.90% | [60] |
Cow | 120 | 0.044 | NA | [60] | |
Mix (cattle & buffalo) | 21 | 0.018 | 0.00–0.040 | 0% | [61] |
Cow | 84 | 0.037 | 0.00–0.084 | 15.50% | [53] |
Buffalo | 94 | 0.043 | 0.00–0.350 | 17.00% | [53] |
Mix (cow & buffalo) | 84 | 17.38 | 0.69–100.04 | 100% | [12] |
Mix (cow & buffalo) | 232 | 0.252 | 0.00–1.9 | 32% | [14] |
Mix (cow & buffalo) | 485 | 2.23 | 0.00–7.28 | 96.50% | [51] |
Product | No. of Samples Analyzed | Mean Concentration of AFM1 | Range of Concentration of AFM1 ppb | Samples Exceeding EU Limits (0.05 ppb) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sweet | 138 | 0.48 | 0.00–1.5 | 78% | [14] |
Yogurt | 10 | 0.007 | 0.00–0.013 | 0% | [61] |
Butter | 10 | 0.003 | 0.00–0.007 | 0% | [61] |
Yogurt | 96 | 0.090 | 0.00–0.616 | 29% | [15] |
White cheese | 119 | 0.148 | 0.00–0.595 | 12% | [15] |
Cheese cream | 150 | 0.103 | 0.00–0.456 | 6.67% | [15] |
Butter | 74 | 0.070 | 0.00–0.413 | 23% | [15] |
Yogurt | 96 | 0.037 | 0.00–0.88 | 22% | [59] |
Butter | 70 | 0.026 | 0.00–0.78 | 27% | [59] |
Ice cream | 79 | 0.017 | 0.00–0.67 | 11% | [59] |
4. Risk Management and Controlling Strategies
5. Legislation/Policies in Pakistan Relative to the Rest of the World
6. Conclusion
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Aslam, N.; Wynn, P.C. Aflatoxin Contamination of the Milk Supply: A Pakistan Perspective. Agriculture 2015, 5, 1172-1182. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture5041172
Aslam N, Wynn PC. Aflatoxin Contamination of the Milk Supply: A Pakistan Perspective. Agriculture. 2015; 5(4):1172-1182. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture5041172
Chicago/Turabian StyleAslam, Naveed, and Peter C. Wynn. 2015. "Aflatoxin Contamination of the Milk Supply: A Pakistan Perspective" Agriculture 5, no. 4: 1172-1182. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture5041172