Research on Confined Compression and Breakage Behaviour as Well as Stress Evolution of Rice Under Framework of Cohesion Zone Model

Li, Xianle; Wang, Mengyuan; Han, Yanlong; Li, Anqi; Wang, Xinlei; Gao, Haonan; Wang, Tianyi

doi:10.3390/agriculture16020208

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Research on Confined Compression and Breakage Behaviour as Well as Stress Evolution of Rice Under Framework of Cohesion Zone Model

by

Xianle Li

,

Mengyuan Wang

,

Yanlong Han

^*,

Anqi Li

,

Xinlei Wang

,

Haonan Gao

and

Tianyi Wang

College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Agriculture 2026, 16(2), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16020208

Submission received: 5 December 2025 / Revised: 6 January 2026 / Accepted: 12 January 2026 / Published: 13 January 2026

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Grain Storage, Handling, and Processing)

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Abstract

Agricultural materials frequently undergo fragmentation due to high-stress conditions during processing, storage, and transportation. Throughout these processes, the spatial arrangement and morphology of particles continuously evolve, rendering the breakage behaviour of particle groups particularly complex. Thus, an in-depth understanding of the fracture processes and breakage mechanisms within particle beds holds significant research value. This study systematically investigates the breakage behaviour of rice particle groups under confined compression through an integrated methodology combining experimental testing, X-ray CT imaging, and finite element modelling (FEM) based on the cohesive zone model (CZM). Results demonstrate that, at the granular assembly scale, external loads are transmitted through force chains and progressively attenuate. As compression proceeds, stress disseminates toward peripheral particle regions. At the individual particle level, particle breakage results from the intricate interaction between coordination number (CN) and localized contact stress, with tensile stress playing a predominant role in the fracture process. An increase in coordination number promotes a more uniform stress distribution and inhibits breakage, thereby exhibiting a “protective effect”. These findings provide valuable insights for the design and optimization of grain processing equipment, contributing to a deeper comprehension of particle breakage characteristics.

Keywords: FEM; CZM; breakage behaviour; rice particle groups; confined compression; coordination number; protective effect

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MDPI and ACS Style

Li, X.; Wang, M.; Han, Y.; Li, A.; Wang, X.; Gao, H.; Wang, T. Research on Confined Compression and Breakage Behaviour as Well as Stress Evolution of Rice Under Framework of Cohesion Zone Model. Agriculture 2026, 16, 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16020208

AMA Style

Li X, Wang M, Han Y, Li A, Wang X, Gao H, Wang T. Research on Confined Compression and Breakage Behaviour as Well as Stress Evolution of Rice Under Framework of Cohesion Zone Model. Agriculture. 2026; 16(2):208. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16020208

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Xianle, Mengyuan Wang, Yanlong Han, Anqi Li, Xinlei Wang, Haonan Gao, and Tianyi Wang. 2026. "Research on Confined Compression and Breakage Behaviour as Well as Stress Evolution of Rice Under Framework of Cohesion Zone Model" Agriculture 16, no. 2: 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16020208

APA Style

Li, X., Wang, M., Han, Y., Li, A., Wang, X., Gao, H., & Wang, T. (2026). Research on Confined Compression and Breakage Behaviour as Well as Stress Evolution of Rice Under Framework of Cohesion Zone Model. Agriculture, 16(2), 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16020208

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Research on Confined Compression and Breakage Behaviour as Well as Stress Evolution of Rice Under Framework of Cohesion Zone Model

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