Occurrence and Levels of Mycotoxins in On-Farm-Stored Sesame in Major Growing Districts of Ethiopia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Study Areas
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Determination of Moisture Contents
2.4. Determination of Kernel Infection by Molds
2.5. Seed Germination Tests
2.6. Preparation of Samples and Analysis of Mycotoxins
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Moisture Content, Relative Humidity, and Temperature of Sesame Samples
3.2. Seed Germination and Fungal Infection
3.3. Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Sesame across Varieties and Districts in Ethiopia
3.3.1. Total Aflatoxin
3.3.2. Ochratoxin A
3.3.3. Total Fumonisins
3.3.4. Deoxynivalenol
3.4. Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins
3.5. Discussion
3.6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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District | Altitude (m.a.s.l) | Latitude (N) | Longitude (E) | Temperature °C |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kafta Humera | 681 to 784 | 14°00′03″ N | 36°99′87″ E | 28.35–35.1 °C |
Tsegede | 726 to 806 | 13°50′01″ N | 37°16′68″ E | 29–31 °C |
Metema | 550 to 1600 | 12°58′00″ N | 36°14′60″ E | 30–42.8 °C |
Tech Armachiho | 600 to 2000 | 13°00′00″ N | 37°16′67″E | 25–42 °C |
Pawe | 1050 | 11°21′60″ N | 36°32′60″ E | 19.4–37.6 °C |
Limmu | 650 to 2320 | 9°16′67″ N | 36°33′33″ E | 16–30 °C |
S/N | Parameters | Total Aflatoxin | Total Fumonisin | Ochratoxin A | DON |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Extraction solution | 30 mL Water/10 g | Water | Methanol/water (70:30) | Water |
2 | LOD | 3.3 μg/kg | 300 μg/kg | 1.9 μg/kg | 210 μg/kg |
3 | LOQ | 5 μg/kg | 400 μg/kg | 2 μg/kg | 300 μg/kg |
4 | Range of quantification | 0–100 μg/kg | 0–500 μg/kg | 2–4 μg/kg | 0–500 μg/kg |
5 | Recovery rate | 92.1 ± 4.2% | 87 ± 3.1 | 89.6 ± 4.5% | 85 ± 2.3 |
6 | Wave length | 450 nm and 630 nm differential filter |
Variable | No Samples | Moisture (%) | Relative Humidity (%) | Temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Districts: | ||||
Kafta Humera | 242 | 8.6 ± 0.6 b | 39.6 ± 2.9 bc | 32.0 ± 0.0 b |
Limmu | 31 | 10.4 ± 0.3 a | 57.9 ± 1.4 a | 26.4 ± 0.5 d |
Metemma | 64 | 8.7 ± 0.5 b | 41.5 ± 1.57 b | 31.9 ± 0.8 bc |
Pawe | 30 | 10.6 ± 0.2 a | 57.6 ± 1.4 a | 26.0 ± 0.7 d |
Tech Armachiho | 52 | 7.7 ± 0.5 c | 38.0 ± 1.6 cd | 31.2 ± 0.8 c |
Tsegede | 51 | 8.0 ± 0.4 c | 37.2 ± 3.0 d | 34.4 ± 0.8 a |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Variety: | ||||
Abasena | 49 | 9.2 ± 0.6 b | 46.3 ± 3.1 b | 29.8 ± 1.1 d |
Gojam | 80 | 8.5 ± 0.5 c | 50.0 ± 3.0 c | 31.1 ± 1.2 c |
Hirhir | 211 | 8.5 ± 0.6 c | 41.1 ± 2.8 c | 31.5 ± 0.9 c |
Mixed | 60 | 8.6 ± 0.6 bc | 36.9 ± 2.9 d | 33.2 ± 1.0 b |
Setit-I | 40 | 8.4 ± 0.6 c | 36.4 ± 2.9 d | 34.5 ± 0.9 a |
Wollega | 30 | 10.4 ± 0.4 a | 57.9 ± 1.4 a | 26.4 ± 0.5 e |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Grain ages: | ||||
5 months | 7.8 ± 0.5 b | 36.7 ± 11.8 b | 29.9 ± 1.1 b | |
7 months | 8.1 ± 0.6 b | 37.8 ± 2.9 b | 31.9 ± 1.1 a | |
8 months | 9.0 ± 0.6 a | 43.6 ± 3.1 a | 32.3 ± 0.9 a | |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Variable | Total Aflatoxins | Ochratoxin A | Fumonisins | Deoxynivalenol | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Districts | Grain Age | Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE |
Kafta Humera | 7.5 | 12.8 ± 0.4 b | 6.7 ± 0.1 ab | 800 ± 0.2 | 700 ± 0.1 a |
Limmu | 7.8 | 17.6 ± 1.4 a | 6.9 ± 0.3 ab | 700 ± 0.4 | 700 ± 0.2 a |
Metemma | 7.9 | 15.4 ± 0.7 ab | 7.5 ± 0.2 a | 900 ± 0.4 | 700 ± 0.1 a |
Pawe | 7.8 | 15.6 ± 1.2 ab | 7.9 ± 0.4 a | 800 ± 0.3 | 500 ± 0.1 b |
Tech Armachiho | 7.3 | 13.8 ± 0.9 ab | 7.3 ± 0.2 ab | 800 ± 0.3 | 700 ± 0.1 a |
Tsegede | 7.52 | 14.4 ± 0.8 ab | 7.4 ± 0.2 a | 800 ± 0.3 | 700 ± 0.1 a |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.75 | <0.001 | |
Variety | |||||
Abasena | 15.0 ± 0.9 ab | 7.6 ± 0.2 a | 860 ± 0.3 | 700 ± 2 ab | |
Gojam | 13.7 ± 0.6 ab | 7.3 ± 0.2 ab | 760 ± 0.3 | 700 ± 1 a | |
Hirhir | 13.1 ± 0.4 b | 6.8 ± 0.1 b | 850 ± 0.2 | 700 ± 0.1 ab | |
Mixed | 12.5 ± 0.7 b | 7.1 ± 0.2 ab | 790 ± 0.3 | 700 ± 0.1 ab | |
Setit-I | 15.9 ± 0.8 a | 7.4 ± 0.3 ab | 810 ± 0.3 | 600 ± 0.2 b | |
Wollega | 17.6 ± 1.3 a | 7.0 ± 0.4 ab | 750 ± 0.3 | 700 ± 0.2 ab | |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.02 | 0.27 | <0.001 |
Variables | Age of Grains | AFT | FUM | DON | Moisture | Humidity | Kernel Infection |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total aflatoxin (AFT) | 0.5 *** | ||||||
Total fumonisin (FUM) | 0.2 NS | 0.2 NS | |||||
Deoxynivalenol (DON) | 0.3 ** | 0.2 NS | 0.2 NS | ||||
Moisture | 0.3 ** | 0.3 ** | 0.1 NS | 0.1 NS | |||
Humidity | 0.3 ** | 0.2 NS | 0.1 NS | 0.2 NS | 0.4 *** | ||
Germination | −0.2 NS | −0.1 NS | −0.0 NS | −0.1 NS | −0.5 *** | −0.4 *** | −0.5 *** |
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Alemayehu, S.; Abera, F.A.; Ayimut, K.-M.; Harvey, J.; Mahroof, R.; Subramanyam, B.; Ulmer, J.; Edema, R. Occurrence and Levels of Mycotoxins in On-Farm-Stored Sesame in Major Growing Districts of Ethiopia. Agriculture 2024, 14, 372. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14030372
Alemayehu S, Abera FA, Ayimut K-M, Harvey J, Mahroof R, Subramanyam B, Ulmer J, Edema R. Occurrence and Levels of Mycotoxins in On-Farm-Stored Sesame in Major Growing Districts of Ethiopia. Agriculture. 2024; 14(3):372. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14030372
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlemayehu, Samuel, Fetien Abay Abera, Kiros-Meles Ayimut, Jagger Harvey, Rizana Mahroof, Bhadriraju Subramanyam, Jonathan Ulmer, and Richard Edema. 2024. "Occurrence and Levels of Mycotoxins in On-Farm-Stored Sesame in Major Growing Districts of Ethiopia" Agriculture 14, no. 3: 372. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14030372