How Can Digital Villages Improve Basic Public Services Delivery in Rural Areas? Evidence from 1840 Counties in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Development and Importance of Digital Villages
1.2. The Importance of Basic Public Services Delivery in Rural Areas
1.3. The Forward-Looking Role of Digital Villages in Basic Public Services Delivery
1.4. Limitations of Existing Studies and Issues Raised
2. Literature Review
2.1. The Concept of Digital Villages
2.2. The Concept of Basic Public Services
2.3. Digital Technology and Rural Sustainable Development
2.4. Digital Technology and Rural Public Services
2.5. Summary of Literature
3. Theoretical Analysis and Research Hypotheses
3.1. Digital Villages Are Positively Associated with the Accessibility of Rural Basic Public Services
3.2. Digital Villages Are Positively Associated with the Equity of Rural Basic Public Services
3.3. Digital Villages Are Positively Associated with the Agility of Rural Basic Public Services
3.4. Digital Villages Are Positively Associated with the Holistic Nature of Rural Basic Public Services
3.5. Digital Villages Are Positively Associated with Participation in Rural Basic Public Services
3.6. The Regional Heterogeneity of the Relationship between Digital Villages and Rural Basic Public Services
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Data Sources and Sample Selection
4.2. Variables Measurement
4.3. Data Analysis Methods
5. Empirical Analysis and Results
5.1. Descriptive Statistics
5.2. Entropy Method
5.3. Spatial Distribution
5.4. Correlation Analysis
5.5. Regression Analysis
5.6. Heterogeneity Analysis
6. Conclusions and Implications
6.1. Discussions
6.2. Conclusions
6.3. Practical Implications
- (1)
- Promote the construction of digital infrastructure in rural areas. Digital infrastructure is an important material basis for the digitisation of basic public services. On one hand, to raise the standard of rural communication services, network infrastructure construction—such as mobile Internet and broadband communication—should proceed more quickly. On the other hand, the new generation of information services infrastructure should be improved through applications, intelligent and convenient service terminals, and information service platforms to connect the ‘last kilometre’ of rural basic public services, thereby laying the foundation for enhancing the accessibility of basic public services.
- (2)
- Use data integration to promote the holistic delivery of rural basic public services. Digital villages should be used to promote the sharing and integration of basic public service data between regions and between urban and rural areas, thereby strengthening cross-level, cross-regional and cross-departmental cooperation, building an integrated basic public service digital platform to meet the diverse needs of rural residents, and realizing the holistic delivery of rural digital public services.
- (3)
- Utilize digital villages to establish a platform for collecting, expressing and feedback of basic public service needs, provide opportunities for the broad participation of rural residents, and enhance interaction between the government and rural residents. At the same time, conduct full-process supervision of the quality and quantity of rural basic public services delivery, promptly perceive and respond to the needs and demands of rural residents, especially vulnerable groups, provide more accurate personalized services, and promote accurate matching of supply and demand.
- (4)
- Narrow the gap in digital village construction and ensure a balanced rural digital public service delivery across regions. Establishing a nationwide unified policy, standard and investment and operational mechanism for the construction of digital villages at the institutional level enhances the scalability of the technology and functions of rural digital public services platforms. At the organisational level, establish a management mechanism that connects the central and local governments to ensure consistency in their digital villages planning. To guarantee resource security, the central government should increase its direct investment in the construction of digital villages in underdeveloped regions through transfer payments and special construction and guide developed regions in using their resource advantages to support their underdeveloped counterparts in constructing digital villages.
- (5)
- Accelerate the development of rural digital talent and the spread of digital application technologies. Through publicity, promotion, and digital skills training on digital basic public services, authorities can expose rural residents to the use of digital services, improve their digital literacy, encourage their digital services adoption, provide special venues, personnel and equipment for digitally disadvantaged groups and ensure that the majority of the rural residents have low-cost and convenient access to digital public services.
6.4. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
UN | United Nations |
ICT | Information Communication Technologies |
EU | European Union |
DVI | Digital Villages Index |
GDP | Gross Domestic Product |
RBPS | Rural Basic Public Services |
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Level 1 Indicators | Level 2 Indicators | Specific Indicators |
---|---|---|
Rural Digital Infrastructure Index (0.27) | Information infrastructure index (0.30) | Mobile device accesses per 10,000 people |
Digital Financial Infrastructure Index (0.30) | Breadth of digital financial infrastructure coverage | |
Depth of use of digital financial infrastructure | ||
Digital Business Landmark Index (0.20) | Percentage of online self-registered commercial landmark POIs out of the total number of commercial landmark POIs crawled per unit area | |
Basic data resource system index (0.20) | Dynamic Monitoring and Response System (DMRS) applications | |
Rural Economy Digitization Index (0.40) | Digital production index (0.40) | Construction of the National Modern Agriculture Demonstration Project |
National New Industrialization Demonstration Base Construction | ||
Percentage of Taobao villages among all administrative villages | ||
Digital Supply Chain Index (0.30) | Logistics network points per 10,000 people | |
Logistics timeframe for receiving parcels | ||
Digital Marketing Index (0.20) | E-commerce sales of agricultural products per CNY 100 million yuan of primary industry value added | |
With or without live sales | ||
Whether it is a comprehensive demonstration county of e-commerce in rural areas | ||
Number of online businesses per 10,000 people | ||
Digital Finance Index (0.10) | Digitalization of financial inclusion | |
Rural Governance Digitalization Index (0.14) | Governance instruments index (1.00) | Number of government business use users per 10,000 Alipay real-name users |
Percentage of townships with WeChat public service platforms among all townships | ||
Rural Life Digitalization Index (0.19) | Digital Consumption Index (0.28) | Online consumption per CNY 100 million yuan of total retail sales of social consumer goods |
E-commerce sales per CNY 100 million yuan of GDP | ||
Digital Literacy, Tourism, Education and Health Index (0.52) | Per capita top 100 entertainment video app usage | |
Top 100 entertainment video categories per installed APP device Average length of APP usage | ||
Per capita top 100 education and training app usage | ||
Top 100 education and training categories per installed APP device Average usage time of APP | ||
Number of recorded attractions on online travel platforms per 10,000 people | ||
Cumulative total number of reviews of recorded attractions on online travel platforms per 10,000 people | ||
Number of physicians from the county enrolled in network health platforms per 10,000 people | ||
Digital Life Services Index (0.20) | Number of Alipay users using online lifestyle services per 10,000 Alipay users | |
Number of online consumer orders per capita | ||
Per capita spending on online life |
Level 1 Indicators | Level 2 Indicators | Specific Indicators |
---|---|---|
Composite index of rural basic public services | public investment | general public budget revenue per 10,000 people |
basic public education | the number of general secondary school students per 10,000 people | |
the number of elementary school students per 10,000 people | ||
basic medical and health care | the number of beds in healthcare facilities per 10,000 people | |
basic social services | the number of various social welfare adoption units per 10,000 people | |
the number of various social welfare adoption beds per 10,000 people |
Variables | Number of Cases | Realm | Minimum Value | Maximum Values | Average Value | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DVI | 1840 | 81.42 | 6.38 | 87.80 | 50.23 | 12.15 |
General public budget revenue per 10,000 people (CNY 100 million yuan) | 1840 | 10.91 | 0.02 | 10.93 | 0.32 | 0.50 |
Number of general secondary school students per 10,000 people (persons) | 1840 | 1761.25 | 65.57 | 1826.82 | 450.21 | 138.19 |
Number of elementary school students per 10,000 people (persons) | 1840 | 1780.90 | 86.48 | 1867.38 | 690.27 | 238.52 |
Number of beds in healthcare facilities per 10,000 people (beds) | 1840 | 236.82 | 10.57 | 247.39 | 44.69 | 17.97 |
Number of various social welfare adoption units per 10,000 people (units) | 1840 | 4.86 | 0.01 | 4.86 | 0.39 | 0.45 |
Number of various social welfare adoption beds per 10,000 people (beds) | 1840 | 231.02 | 0.28 | 231.30 | 33.34 | 25.08 |
Number of registered population (10,000 people) | 1840 | 246.66 | 0.78 | 247.44 | 48.68 | 37.12 |
GDP per capita (CNY 100 million yuan) | 1840 | 45.65 | 0.54 | 46.19 | 4.19 | 3.74 |
Value added of the secondary industry as a proportion of GDP | 1840 | 0.83 | 0.01 | 0.85 | 0.39 | 0.14 |
Program | The Information Entropy Value (e) | Information Utility Value (d) | Weighting Factor (w) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
RBPS | General public budget revenue per 10,000 people (CNY 100 million yuan) | 0.9194 | 0.0806 | 40.01% |
Number of general secondary school students per 10,000 people (persons) | 0.9916 | 0.0084 | 4.17% | |
Number of elementary school students per 10,000 people (persons) | 0.9897 | 0.0103 | 5.13% | |
Number of beds in healthcare facilities per 10,000 people (beds) | 0.9846 | 0.0154 | 7.63% | |
Number of various social welfare adoption units per 10,000 people (units) | 0.9474 | 0.0526 | 26.09% | |
Number of various social welfare adoption beds per 10,000 people (beds) | 0.9658 | 0.0342 | 16.96% |
DVI | RBPS | The Number of Registered Population | GDP per Capita | Value Added of the Secondary Industry as a Proportion of GDP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DVI | 1 | ||||
the composite index rural basic public services | 0.105 *** | 1 | |||
the number of registered population | 0.376 *** | −0.150 *** | 1 | ||
GDP per capita | 0.325 *** | 0.496 *** | −0.043 | 1 | |
Value added of the secondary industry as a proportion of GDP | 0.306 *** | 0.199 *** | 0.115 ** | 0.434 *** | 1 |
β | Standardized Inaccuracies | t | p | VIF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DVI | 0.095 | 0.001 | 3.531 | <0.001 | 1.736 |
Ln Number of the registered population | −0.285 | 0.016 | −11.389 | <0.001 | 1.512 |
Ln GDP per capita | 0.363 | 0.025 | 13.917 | <0.001 | 1.642 |
Ln Value added of the secondary industry as a proportion of GDP | 0.015 | 0.032 | 0.619 | 0.536 | 1.375 |
East (1) | Central (2) | West (3) | |
---|---|---|---|
DVI | 0.199 ** (4.687) | 0.068 (1.546) | 0.043 (1.106) |
Ln Number of the registered population | −0.146 ** (−4.128) | −0.25 ** (−6.011) | −0.311 ** (−7.835) |
Ln GDP per capita | 0.581 ** (13.358) | 0.28 ** (6.316) | 0.247 ** (5.744) |
Ln Value added of the secondary industry as a proportion of GDP | −0.054 (−1.349) | 0.059 (1.273) | 0.034 (0.896) |
sample size | 461 | 583 | 796 |
R2 | 0.478 | 0.181 | 0.202 |
Adjustment of R2 | 0.473 | 0.176 | 0.198 |
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Mao, Z.; Zhu, X.; Zou, Q.; Jin, W. How Can Digital Villages Improve Basic Public Services Delivery in Rural Areas? Evidence from 1840 Counties in China. Agriculture 2024, 14, 1802. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101802
Mao Z, Zhu X, Zou Q, Jin W. How Can Digital Villages Improve Basic Public Services Delivery in Rural Areas? Evidence from 1840 Counties in China. Agriculture. 2024; 14(10):1802. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101802
Chicago/Turabian StyleMao, Zijun, Xiyue Zhu, Qi Zou, and Wen Jin. 2024. "How Can Digital Villages Improve Basic Public Services Delivery in Rural Areas? Evidence from 1840 Counties in China" Agriculture 14, no. 10: 1802. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101802
APA StyleMao, Z., Zhu, X., Zou, Q., & Jin, W. (2024). How Can Digital Villages Improve Basic Public Services Delivery in Rural Areas? Evidence from 1840 Counties in China. Agriculture, 14(10), 1802. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101802