Cavitation Reactor for Pretreatment of Liquid Agricultural Waste
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- the intensification of the AD process;
- increase in biogas output;
- increasing the content of methane in the resulting gas;
- the economy of the substrate;
- decrease in viscosity;
- reduction in the energy consumption of agitators and pumps.
2. Object and Method of the Research
2.1. Jet-Driven Helmholtz Oscillator
2.2. Experimental Setup
2.3. Goal and Scope
2.4. Assumptions and Limitations of the Study
- To determine the optimal design of the JDHO, which provides the maximum amplitude of pressure pulsations, the parameters d2, DC, and LC were varied.
- During the operation of the JDHO, two cavitation mechanisms operate, namely: hydrodynamic and acoustic.
- The hydrodynamic mechanism is based on the fact that a local pressure drop occurs in the fluid flow when flowing through the nozzle. If the pressure in this area becomes lower than the pressure of saturated vapors or dissolved gases, then microbubbles are formed. Then, with an increase in local pressure and the collapse of microbubbles, cavitation occurs. This hydrodynamic mechanism also works during the development of vortex structures in the resonant chamber, since when the flow swirls, a region of low pressure is created in the center of the vortex.
- The acoustic mechanism is caused by the fact that pressure fluctuations created by the oscillator propagate in the environment and create elastic waves. During the passage of an elastic wave (in the half-cycle of the lower half-wave), a reduced pressure is created, which is lower than the pressure of the saturated vapors of a liquid or dissolved gases. This creates conditions for the formation of cavitation bubbles, which, when the pressure rises (in the half-cycle of the upper half-wave), collapse and create a cavitation effect.
- The shape of the cavitation bubbles, their size, and many other factors influence the collapse pressure. However, these issues are beyond the scope of this work and will be the subjects of future research.
- The JDHO is fundamentally new and has never before been used for pretreatment in AD technology.
3. Results of Experimental Studies
- (1)
- The flow in the jet contains a low-frequency ordered axisymmetric variable component (and periodic volume flow fluctuations). When this component enters the outlet and the jet encounters various resistances in the outlet plane of the oscillator, periodic pressure pulses arise inside the chamber.
- (2)
- These pulses are selectively amplified by the Helmholtz resonance mechanism and a pulsating pressure field is installed in the chamber.
- (3)
- The pulsating pressure field causes flow rate pulsations at the chamber inlet, which leads to an effective amplification of the jet oscillations at the frequency of the ordered component.
- (4)
- The viscous jet displacement layer (the expansion of the jet from its exit from the inlet nozzle to the start of collision with the outlet nozzle) responds to the amplification of jet oscillations in the range of its own acoustic frequencies and amplifies them. As a result, the ordered motion inside the jet is enhanced, vortex rings appear, and the circuit closes.
4. Discussion and Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Abdrashitov, A.; Gavrilov, A.; Marfin, E.; Panchenko, V.; Kovalev, A.; Bolshev, V.; Karaeva, J. Cavitation Reactor for Pretreatment of Liquid Agricultural Waste. Agriculture 2023, 13, 1218. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061218
Abdrashitov A, Gavrilov A, Marfin E, Panchenko V, Kovalev A, Bolshev V, Karaeva J. Cavitation Reactor for Pretreatment of Liquid Agricultural Waste. Agriculture. 2023; 13(6):1218. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061218
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdrashitov, Alexey, Alexander Gavrilov, Evgeny Marfin, Vladimir Panchenko, Andrey Kovalev, Vadim Bolshev, and Julia Karaeva. 2023. "Cavitation Reactor for Pretreatment of Liquid Agricultural Waste" Agriculture 13, no. 6: 1218. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061218