Development of an N-Free Culture Solution for Cultivation of Nodulated Soybean with Less pH Fluctuation by the Addition of Potassium Bicarbonate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Cultivation
2.2. Composition of Culture Solution
2.3. Measurement of pH
2.4. Determination of Bicarbonate Concentration
2.5. pH Changes through the Addition of Various NaHCO3 Concentrations
2.6. Effects of the Addition of NaHCO3 or KHCO3 on Evapotranspiration and Plant Growth
2.7. Effects of P Concentrations on Soybean Growth
2.8. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Changes through the Addition of Various NaHCO3 Concentrations
3.2. Effects of the Additions of NaHCO3 or KHCO3 on Evapotranspiration and Plant Growth
3.3. Evaluation of the Appropriate P Concentrations in a New Culture Solution with KHCO3 for Plant Growth and Evaluation of the Concentrations of Major Anions and Cations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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(A) Original Composition | |||
Stock (Enrichment) | Compound | Molar Concentration | Weight Concentration |
(μM) | (mg/L) | ||
1 (×500) | K2HPO4 | 49 | 8.5 |
K2SO4 | 625 | 109 | |
KCl | 12.6 | 0.936 | |
2 (×1000) | CaCl2·2H2O | 1,250 | 184 |
3 (×1000) | MgSO4·7H2O | 500 | 123 |
4 (×1000) | Fe-EDTA·3H2O | 50 | 21.05 |
5 (×1000) | H3BO3 | 5.94 | 0.367 |
CuSO4·5H2O | 0.13 | 0.032 | |
MnSO4·5H2O | 0.772 | 0.186 | |
ZnSO4·7H2O | 0.5 | 0.144 | |
CoCl2·6H2O | 0.181 | 0.043 | |
(NH4)6Mo7O24·7H2O | 0.0032 | 0.004 | |
NiCl2·6H2O | 0.013 | 0.003 | |
(B) Modified Composition with Bicarbonate | |||
Stock (Enrichment) | Compound | Molar Concentration | Weight Concentration |
(μM) | (mg/L) | ||
1 (×500) | K2HPO4 | 50 | 8.71 |
KHCO3 | 1250 | 125 | |
2 (×1000) | CaCl2·2H2O | 1250 | 184 |
3 (×1000) | MgSO4·7H2O | 500 | 123 |
4 (×1000) | Fe-EDTA·3H2O | 50 | 21.05 |
5 (×1000) | H3BO3 | 5.94 | 0.367 |
CuSO4·5H2O | 1.26 | 0.315 | |
MnSO4·5H2O | 0.772 | 0.186 | |
ZnSO4·7H2O | 0.5 | 0.144 | |
CoCl2·6H2O | 0.181 | 0.043 | |
(NH4)6Mo7O24·7H2O | 0.0032 | 0.004 | |
NiCl2·6H2O | 0.013 | 0.003 |
Control | NaHCO3 | KHCO3 | |
---|---|---|---|
Primary Leaves | 37.0 (1.3) | 40.3 (1.4) | 41.7 (0.7) * |
1st Leaves | 31.8 (5.6) | 40.3 (1.0) | 40.2 (0.8) |
2nd Leaves | 26.7 (6.5) | 38.9 (0.4) | 38.1 (0.9) |
3rd Leaves | 28.1 (8.0) | 41.4 (1.0) | 41.1 (1.0) |
4th Leaves | 28.7 (6.0) | 37.5 (1.0) | 36.5 (1.3) |
5th Leaves | 31.3 (3.0) | 34.3 (1.3) | 33.5 (1.8) |
6th Leaves | 31.5 (0.8) | 31.0 (1.1) | 30.3 (1.4) |
7th Leaves | 26.0 (1.5) | 29.5 (1.1) | 28.8 (0.9) |
pH | HCO3− Concentration (mM) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
DAP | before | after | before | after |
21~23 | 6.38 (0.09) | 6.45 (0.10) | 1.19 (0.07) | 0.97 (0.09) |
23~25 | 6.35 (0.10) | 6.35 (0.13) | 1.18 (0.07) | 0.91 (0.03) |
25~27 | 6.33 (0.10) | 6.18 (0.10) | 1.35 (0.04) | 0.87 (0.00) |
27~29 | 6.48 (0.03) | 6.15 (0.06) | 1.13 (0.00) | 0.71 (0.06) |
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Ohyama, T.; Takayama, K.; Akagi, A.; Saito, A.; Higuchi, K.; Sato, T. Development of an N-Free Culture Solution for Cultivation of Nodulated Soybean with Less pH Fluctuation by the Addition of Potassium Bicarbonate. Agriculture 2023, 13, 739. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030739
Ohyama T, Takayama K, Akagi A, Saito A, Higuchi K, Sato T. Development of an N-Free Culture Solution for Cultivation of Nodulated Soybean with Less pH Fluctuation by the Addition of Potassium Bicarbonate. Agriculture. 2023; 13(3):739. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030739
Chicago/Turabian StyleOhyama, Takuji, Koyo Takayama, Ayaka Akagi, Akihiro Saito, Kyoko Higuchi, and Takashi Sato. 2023. "Development of an N-Free Culture Solution for Cultivation of Nodulated Soybean with Less pH Fluctuation by the Addition of Potassium Bicarbonate" Agriculture 13, no. 3: 739. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030739