Seeding Performance Caused by Inclination Angle in a Centralized Seed-Metering Device for Rapeseed
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Structure of Centralized Seed-Metering Device
2.2. Working Principle for Various Slopes
2.3. DEM Simulation Model of Centralized Seed-Metering Device
2.3.1. DEM Model for Simulating Centralized Seed-Metering Device
2.3.2. Simulation Design
2.4. Bench Test and Field Experiment
2.4.1. Bench Test Method
2.4.2. Field Experiment
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Inclination Angle on Seed-Filling Quantity
3.2. Effects of Inclination Angle on Seed Performance in the Bench Test
3.3. Seeding Performance under Various Angular Velocities and Cleaning Treatment
3.4. Results and Analysis of Field Experiment
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Diameter of rapeseed (mm) | 2.00 |
Density of rapeseed (kg m−3) | 1060 |
Poisson’s ratio of rapeseed | 0.25 |
Shear modulus of rapeseed (Pa) | 1.1 × 107 |
Density of steel (kg m−3) | 8000 |
Poisson’s ratio of steel | 0.28 |
Shear modulus of steel (Pa) | 7.0 × 1010 |
Density of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer (ABS, kg m−3) | 1060 |
Poisson’s ratio of ABS | 0.394 |
Shear modulus of ABS (Pa) | 8.96 × 108 |
Coefficient of restitution between rapeseed and rapeseed | 0.60 |
Coefficient of static friction between rapeseed and rapeseed | 0.50 |
Coefficient of rolling friction between rapeseed and rapeseed | 0.01 |
Coefficient of restitution between rapeseed and steel | 0.60 |
Coefficient of static friction between rapeseed and steel | 0.30 |
Coefficient of rolling friction between rapeseed and steel | 0.01 |
Coefficient of restitution between rapeseed and ABS | 0.75 |
Coefficient of static friction between rapeseed and ABS | 0.30 |
Coefficient of rolling friction between rapeseed and ABS | 0.01 |
Gravitational acceleration (m s−2) | 9.81 |
Number of rapeseed particles | 40,000 |
Fixed time step (s) | 5 × 10−6 |
Simulation time (s) | 10 |
Test Name | Parameters | Values |
---|---|---|
Effects of inclination angle on seeding performance | Tilt types | −X, X, −Y, and Y direction |
Inclination angle (θ) | 0°, 2°, 4°, 6°, 8°, 10° | |
Effects of seed layer height and inclination angle on seeding performance | Seed layer height (h) | 20 mm, 25 mm, 30 mm |
Inclination angle (θ) | 6°, 8°, 10° | |
Effects of angular velocity on seeding performance | Angular velocity (rpm) | 10, 20, 30, 40 |
Tilt Types | Inclination Angle (°) | Ratio of Qualified Seed-Filling Quantity (%) | Seed Missing Ratio (%) | Multiple Ratio (%) | Qualified Ratio (%) | Average Ridge Spacing (mm) | Variance Coefficient of Ridge Spacing (%) | Average Ridge Diameter (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−X direction | 0 (CK) | 95.56 | 4.44 | 0.19 | 95.37 | 110.96 | 15.79 | 6.14 |
2 | 91.67 | 8.33 | 0.19 | 91.48 | 110.52 | 21.22 | 6.83 | |
4 | 92.59 | 7.41 | 0.00 | 92.59 | 110.47 | 20.88 | 7.32 | |
6 | 90.93 | 9.07 | 0.93 | 90.00 | 111.54 | 28.56 | 6.97 | |
8 | 88.15 | 11.85 | 1.48 | 86.67 | 112.99 | 28.64 | 9.39 | |
10 | 89.07 | 1.67 | 3.33 | 95.00 | 97.89 | 17.29 | 12.85 | |
X direction | 2 | 90.19 | 9.81 | 0.00 | 90.19 | 116.39 | 23.49 | 9.54 |
4 | 93.15 | 6.85 | 0.56 | 92.59 | 107.63 | 21.80 | 11.48 | |
6 | 92.96 | 6.67 | 0.56 | 92.78 | 116.04 | 27.83 | 10.36 | |
8 | 86.67 | 8.52 | 1.11 | 90.37 | 113.31 | 24.79 | 11.10 | |
10 | 92.78 | 7.22 | 0.37 | 92.41 | 113.63 | 31.64 | 12.47 | |
−Y direction | 2 | 95.37 | 4.63 | 0.19 | 95.19 | 107.34 | 23.31 | 5.47 |
4 | 92.22 | 7.78 | 0.74 | 91.48 | 114.34 | 22.92 | 8.20 | |
6 | 79.63 | 20.37 | 0.37 | 79.26 | 125.56 | 40.34 | 8.80 | |
8 | 70.28 | 29.72 | 0.00 | 70.28 | 138.92 | 44.44 | 0.00 | |
10 | 47.78 | 52.22 | 0.00 | 47.78 | 216.70 | 64.31 | 0.00 | |
Y direction | 2 | 97.04 | 2.96 | 0.56 | 96.48 | 108.36 | 16.46 | 8.88 |
4 | 94.44 | 5.56 | 0.37 | 94.07 | 107.81 | 20.46 | 9.17 | |
6 | 95.37 | 4.63 | 0.74 | 94.63 | 107.05 | 19.41 | 9.09 | |
8 | 92.78 | 7.22 | 0.00 | 92.78 | 109.78 | 22.10 | 10.59 |
Tilt Types | Angular Velocity (rpm) | Ratio of Qualified Seed-Filling Quantity (%) | Seed Missing Ratio (%) | Multiple Ratio (%) | Qualified Ratio (%) | Average Ridge Spacing (mm) | Variance Coefficient of Ridge Spacing (%) | Average Ridge Diameter (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−Y direction | 10 | 72.59 | 27.41 | 0.00 | 72.59 | 136.96 | 44.91 | 0.00 |
20 | 79.63 | 20.37 | 0.37 | 79.26 | 125.56 | 40.34 | 8.80 | |
30 | 89.26 | 10.74 | 0.37 | 88.89 | 113.89 | 31.75 | 9.54 | |
40 | 84.44 | 15.37 | 0.56 | 84.07 | 125.84 | 38.16 | 10.72 | |
Y direction | 10 | 96.67 | 2.22 | 0.37 | 97.41 | 110.79 | 14.14 | 8.27 |
20 | 95.37 | 4.63 | 0.74 | 94.63 | 107.05 | 19.41 | 9.09 | |
30 | 94.81 | 5.19 | 0.74 | 94.07 | 109.22 | 22.19 | 10.96 | |
40 | 96.85 | 3.15 | 0.00 | 96.85 | 104.84 | 16.33 | 9.68 | |
F-value | Tilt types | 14.09 * | 12.86 * | 0.35 | 12.87 * | 14.67 * | 22.83 * | 1.16 |
Inclination angle | 0.74 | 0.58 | 0.67 | 0.56 | 1..26 | 0.12 | 1.95 |
Tilt Types | Inclination Angle (°) | Seed Layer Height (mm) | Ratio of Qualified Seed-Filling Quantity (%) | Seed Missing Ratio (%) | Multiple Ratio (%) | Qualified Ratio (%) | Average Ridge Spacing (mm) | Variance Coefficient of Ridge Spacing (%) | Average Ridge Diameter (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X direction | 6 | 20 | 94.07 | 5.93 | 0.19 | 93.89 | 106.22 | 22.34 | 10.19 |
6 | 25 | 81.48 | 18.33 | 0.00 | 81.67 | 128.96 | 33.98 | 10.19 | |
6 | 30 | 88.15 | 11.67 | 0.00 | 88.33 | 118.31 | 29.62 | 10.19 | |
8 | 20 | 91.85 | 8.15 | 0.56 | 91.30 | 108.32 | 25.01 | 9.06 | |
8 | 25 | 89.63 | 10.37 | 0.00 | 89.63 | 116.83 | 31.12 | 11.35 | |
8 | 30 | 90.00 | 10.00 | 0.00 | 90.00 | 115.70 | 30.11 | 11.67 | |
10 | 20 | 96.30 | 3.70 | 0.00 | 96.30 | 104.48 | 17.20 | 10.02 | |
10 | 25 | 90.93 | 8.52 | 0.00 | 91.48 | 114.13 | 25.27 | 12.91 | |
10 | 30 | 95.74 | 4.26 | 0.37 | 95.37 | 109.74 | 17.97 | 10.51 | |
−Y direction | 6 | 20 | 98.70 | 1.30 | 0.00 | 98.70 | 98.96 | 13.86 | 8.86 |
6 | 25 | 97.96 | 2.04 | 0.00 | 97.96 | 101.01 | 14.02 | 11.12 | |
6 | 30 | 92.96 | 7.04 | 0.19 | 92.78 | 113.27 | 24.72 | 10.66 | |
8 | 20 | 90.00 | 10.00 | 0.00 | 90.00 | 107.78 | 29.19 | 9.75 | |
8 | 25 | 99.63 | 0.37 | 0.00 | 99.63 | 100.04 | 10.65 | 9.32 | |
8 | 30 | 94.44 | 5.56 | 0.19 | 94.26 | 111.99 | 27.46 | 12.96 | |
10 | 20 | 93.52 | 6.48 | 0.19 | 93.33 | 106.01 | 24.70 | 9.50 | |
10 | 25 | 97.96 | 2.04 | 0.19 | 97.78 | 101.29 | 14.23 | 13.20 | |
10 | 30 | 92.59 | 7.41 | 0.19 | 92.41 | 108.54 | 24.47 | 11.75 | |
−Y direction | 10 | 20 | 88.52 | 9.44 | 0.37 | 90.19 | 114.71 | 22.33 | 11.26 |
12 | 20 | 94.44 | 4.81 | 0.00 | 95.19 | 110.19 | 19.05 | 9.11 | |
14 | 20 | 97.59 | 2.41 | 0.56 | 97.04 | 106.29 | 17.96 | 11.23 | |
16 | 20 | 93.70 | 6.30 | 0.19 | 93.52 | 111.74 | 21.95 | 10.99 |
Field Number | Inclination Angle | Seedling’s Spacing (mm) | Average Seedling Spacing (mm) | Ratio of Qualified Seedling Spacing (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st Row | 2nd Row | 3rd Row | 4th Row | 5th Row | 6th Row | ||||
1 | Ascending 2.88° | 116.00 | 109.60 | 111.67 | 105.53 | 112.67 | 133.57 | 114.84 | 95.00 |
133.70 | 127.10 | 111.57 | 109.79 | 152.60 | 167.10 | 133.64 | 83.33 | ||
137.67 | 141.33 | 143.00 | 126.83 | 132.50 | 124.50 | 134.31 | 80.56 | ||
2 | Ascending 5.63° | 157.73 | 138.43 | 136.50 | 133.47 | 149.07 | 118.50 | 138.95 | 83.33 |
177.17 | 152.33 | 145.33 | 144.50 | 157.77 | 131.60 | 151.45 | 75.56 | ||
118.67 | 130.50 | 129.00 | 137.07 | 132.47 | 119.57 | 127.88 | 89.44 | ||
3 | Descending 7.79° | 148.17 | 157.00 | 144.17 | 150.23 | 151.13 | 173.43 | 154.02 | 72.78 |
166.87 | 136.43 | 153.53 | 148.13 | 135.20 | 140.30 | 146.74 | 81.11 | ||
128.37 | 132.27 | 121.17 | 169.83 | 161.60 | 130.50 | 140.62 | 81.11 | ||
4 | Descending 9.52° | 188.60 | 175.89 | 147.68 | 144.29 | 89.29 | 115.36 | 143.52 | 77.78 |
222.22 | 213.75 | 193.04 | 166.25 | 123.21 | 104.14 | 170.44 | 68.89 | ||
133.39 | 127.86 | 114.82 | 127.71 | 134.00 | 126.25 | 127.34 | 83.33 |
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Lei, X.; Wu, W.; Chang, C.; Li, T.; Zhou, Z.; Guo, J.; Zhu, P.; Hu, J.; Cheng, H.; Zhou, W.; et al. Seeding Performance Caused by Inclination Angle in a Centralized Seed-Metering Device for Rapeseed. Agriculture 2022, 12, 590. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050590
Lei X, Wu W, Chang C, Li T, Zhou Z, Guo J, Zhu P, Hu J, Cheng H, Zhou W, et al. Seeding Performance Caused by Inclination Angle in a Centralized Seed-Metering Device for Rapeseed. Agriculture. 2022; 12(5):590. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050590
Chicago/Turabian StyleLei, Xiaolong, Wencheng Wu, Cheng Chang, Tao Li, Zhonglin Zhou, Jinyue Guo, Peixu Zhu, Jianfeng Hu, Hong Cheng, Wei Zhou, and et al. 2022. "Seeding Performance Caused by Inclination Angle in a Centralized Seed-Metering Device for Rapeseed" Agriculture 12, no. 5: 590. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050590
APA StyleLei, X., Wu, W., Chang, C., Li, T., Zhou, Z., Guo, J., Zhu, P., Hu, J., Cheng, H., Zhou, W., Deng, F., Chen, Y., Wu, Y., & Ren, W. (2022). Seeding Performance Caused by Inclination Angle in a Centralized Seed-Metering Device for Rapeseed. Agriculture, 12(5), 590. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050590