Grain-Filling Characteristics in Extra-Large Panicle Type of Early-Maturing japonica/indica Hybrids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site, Rice Cultivar, Field Design, and Crop Establishment
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Model Analysis of Grain Filling
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Grain Yield and Panicle Traits
3.2. Shoot Biomass, LAI, LAD, Leaf Photosynthetic Rate, and SPAD Values
3.3. Grain-Filling Dynamics and Simulated Equations
3.4. Grain–Filling Characteristics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cultivar Type | Cultivar | Year of Release | Cross Information | Duration from Heading to Maturity (d) | Total Growth Period (d) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EJIH | Yongyou 2640 | 2013 | Yongxian 26A × F 7540 | 68 | 153 |
Yongyou 1640 | 2013 | Yongxian 16A × F 7540 | 67 | 152 | |
CJ | Yangjing 4227 | 2009 | Yangjing 7057 × Huangye 9520 | 54 | 149 |
Zhendao 14 | 2011 | Zhendao 88 × Wuyujing 3/Wu 99-8 | 56 | 151 | |
HI | Fengyou 293 | 2007 | Nongfeng A × YR 923 | 52 | 150 |
Zhongnanyou 1 | 2011 | Zhongnan 1A × Zhonglianhui 510 | 51 | 151 |
Source | df | Grain Yield | Spikelets per Panicle | Panicle Length | Single Panicle Weight | Shoot Biomass Weight | Leaf Area Index | Leaf Photosynthetic Rate | SPAD Values | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heading | Maturity | Heading | Maturity | ||||||||
Year | 1 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Cultivar | 5 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | * | * |
Year × Cultivar | 5 | ns | ns | ns | * | ns | ns | * | ns | ns | ns |
Total | 35 |
Cultivar Type | Cultivar | Grain Yield (t ha−1) | Daily Grain Yield (kg ha−1 d−1) |
---|---|---|---|
EJIH | Yongyou 2640 | 12.1 | 79.1 |
Yongyou 1640 | 11.9 | 78.3 | |
Mean | 12.0 a | 78.7 a | |
CJ | Yangjing 4227 | 10.6 | 71.1 |
Zhendao 14 | 10.8 | 71.5 | |
Mean | 10.7 b | 71.3 b | |
HI | Fengyou 293 | 10.2 | 68.0 |
Zhongnanyou 1 | 10.0 | 66.2 | |
Mean | 10.1 c | 67.1 b |
Cultivar Type | Cultivar | Panicles per m2 | Spikelets per Panicle | Spikelets per m2 (×103) | Filled-Grain Percentage (%) | Grain Weight (mg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EJIH | Yongyou 2640 | 216 | 274 | 59.2 | 88.8 | 24.3 |
Yongyou 1640 | 208 | 282 | 58.7 | 87.4 | 24.9 | |
Mean | 212 c | 278 a | 58.9 a | 88.1 a | 24.6 b | |
CJ | Yangjing 4227 | 315 | 144 | 45.4 | 90.2 | 28.3 |
Zhendao 14 | 309 | 151 | 46.7 | 89.9 | 27.9 | |
Mean | 312 a | 148 c | 46.0 b | 90.1 a | 28.1 a | |
HI | Fengyou 293 | 247 | 173 | 42.7 | 90.1 | 28.1 |
Zhongnanyou 1 | 237 | 179 | 42.4 | 90.2 | 27.5 | |
Mean | 242 b | 176 b | 42.6 c | 90.2 a | 27.8 a |
Cultivar Type | Cultivar | PL (cm) | SPW (g) | NGUP | NGUS | NGMP | NGMS | NGLP | NGLS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EJIH | Yongyou 2640 | 22.2 | 6.1 | 28.0 | 90.1 | 26.0 | 75.7 | 26.4 | 27.7 |
Yongyou 1640 | 20.9 | 6.0 | 33.4 | 71.8 | 37.3 | 75.2 | 34.2 | 30.0 | |
Mean | 21.6 b | 6.1 a | 30.7 a | 81.0 a | 31.6 a | 75.5 a | 30.3 a | 28.9 a | |
CJ | Yangjing 4227 | 16.4 | 3.6 | 23.3 | 13.0 | 23.6 | 33.4 | 23.6 | 27.0 |
Zhendao 14 | 17.3 | 3.6 | 24.8 | 13.8 | 26.8 | 38.7 | 23.9 | 23.1 | |
Mean | 16.9 c | 3.6 c | 24.1 b | 13.4 c | 25.2 b | 36.0 c | 23.8 b | 25.0 b | |
HI | Fengyou 293 | 24.4 | 4.7 | 19.2 | 37.1 | 20.4 | 50.3 | 21.4 | 24.6 |
Zhongnanyou 1 | 24.7 | 4.5 | 17.1 | 45.3 | 19.0 | 50.3 | 19.2 | 28.0 | |
Mean | 24.6 a | 4.6 b | 18.1 c | 41.2 b | 19.7 c | 50.3 b | 20.3 b | 26.3 ab |
Cultivar Type | Cultivar | Shoot Biomass Weight (t ha−1) | Shoot Biomass Accumulation from Heading to Maturity (t ha−1) | Harvest Index | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heading | Maturity | ||||
EJIH | Yongyou 2640 | 13.5 | 21.9 | 8.4 | 0.476 |
Yongyou 1640 | 13.0 | 21.2 | 8.2 | 0.482 | |
Mean | 13.2 a | 21.5 a | 8.3 a | 0.479 b | |
CJ | Yangjing 4227 | 11.5 | 18.6 | 7.1 | 0.491 |
Zhendao 14 | 11.8 | 19.1 | 7.3 | 0.486 | |
Mean | 11.6 b | 18.8 b | 7.2 b | 0.489 a | |
HI | Fengyou 293 | 11.1 | 17.7 | 6.6 | 0.496 |
Zhongnanyou 1 | 11.0 | 17.5 | 6.5 | 0.492 | |
Mean | 11.0 c | 17.6 c | 6.6 c | 0.494 a |
Cultivar Type | Cultivar | LAI (m2 m−2) | LAD from Heading to Maturity (m2 d m−2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Heading | Maturity | |||
EJIH | Yongyou 2640 | 8.2 | 3.2 | 388 |
Yongyou 1640 | 7.9 | 3.1 | 369 | |
Mean | 8.1 a | 3.2 a | 378 a | |
CJ | Yangjing 4227 | 7.3 | 2.7 | 270 |
Zhendao 14 | 7.5 | 2.8 | 288 | |
Mean | 7.4 b | 2.8 b | 279 b | |
HI | Fengyou 293 | 7.3 | 2.2 | 247 |
Zhongnanyou 1 | 7.1 | 2.3 | 240 | |
Mean | 7.2 b | 2.3 c | 243 c |
Cultivar Type | Cultivar | Grain Position | Simulated Equation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
EJIH | Yongyou 2640 | UP | Y = 21.3 | R2 = 0.99 |
US | Y = 18.5 | R2 = 0.99 | ||
MP | Y = 20.2 | R2 = 0.99 | ||
MS | Y = 17.9 | R2 = 0.98 | ||
LP | Y = 16.9 | R2 = 0.98 | ||
LS | Y = 19.8 | R2 = 0.99 | ||
Yongyou 1640 | UP | Y = 21.9 | R2 = 0.99 | |
US | Y = 19.2 | R2 = 0.99 | ||
MP | Y = 20.8 | R2 = 0.99 | ||
MS | Y = 18.8 | R2 = 0.98 | ||
LP | Y = 17.3 | R2 = 0.98 | ||
LS | Y = 21.9 | R2 = 0.99 | ||
CJ | Yangjing 4227 | UP | Y = 24.5 | R2 = 0.98 |
US | Y = 23.1 | R2 = 0.99 | ||
MP | Y = 24.4 | R2 = 0.99 | ||
MS | Y = 21.6 | R2 = 0.98 | ||
LP | Y = 21.3 | R2 = 0.99 | ||
LS | Y = 19.2 | R2 = 0.98 | ||
Zhendao 14 | UP | Y = 25.4 | R2 = 0.98 | |
US | Y = 23.8 | R2 = 0.98 | ||
MP | Y = 25.1 | R2 = 0.99 | ||
MS | Y = | R2 = 0.99 | ||
LP | Y = 21.8 | R2 = 0.99 | ||
LS | Y = 19.8 | R2 = 0.99 | ||
HI | Fengyou 293 | UP | Y = 24.5 | R2 = 0.98 |
US | Y = 22.5 | R2 = 0.99 | ||
MP | Y = 23.9 | R2 = 0.98 | ||
MS | Y = 23.3 | R2 = 0.99 | ||
LP | Y = 21.4 | R2 = 0.98 | ||
LS | Y = 18.7 | R2 = 0.98 | ||
Zhongnanyou 1 | UP | Y = 24.8 | R2 = 0.98 | |
US | Y = 22.8 | R2 = 0.98 | ||
MP | Y = 24.2 | R2 = 0.98 | ||
MS | Y = 23.5 | R2 = 0.99 | ||
LP | Y = 21.4 | R2 = 0.98 | ||
LS | Y = 19.4 | R2 = 0.99 |
Cultivar Type | Cultivar | Grain Position | GRmax (mg Grain−1 d−1) | GRmean (mg Grain−1 d−1) | Dmax (d) | EP (d) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EJIH | Yongyou 2640 | UP | 1.32 | 0.84 | 19.3 | 31.4 |
US | 0.75 | 0.47 | 30.5 | 47.5 | ||
MP | 1.10 | 0.71 | 23.5 | 38.7 | ||
MS | 0.86 | 0.56 | 34.0 | 52.1 | ||
LP | 0.75 | 0.49 | 36.9 | 56.6 | ||
LS | 0.50 | 0.21 | 46.0 | 91.6 | ||
Yongyou 1640 | UP | 1.21 | 0.77 | 20.4 | 33.7 | |
US | 0.76 | 0.48 | 32.1 | 50.0 | ||
MP | 1.08 | 0.69 | 24.2 | 38.5 | ||
MS | 0.88 | 0.57 | 37.1 | 56.6 | ||
LP | 0.80 | 0.52 | 37.6 | 57.4 | ||
LS | 0.50 | 0.22 | 48.9 | 98.5 | ||
Mean | 0.88 c | 0.54 c | 32.6 a | 54.4 a | ||
CJ | Yangjing 4227 | UP | 1.21 | 0.77 | 20.2 | 34.8 |
US | 1.07 | 0.69 | 24.2 | 39.8 | ||
MP | 1.11 | 0.73 | 22.0 | 37.1 | ||
MS | 1.05 | 0.67 | 27.9 | 43.8 | ||
LP | 1.01 | 0.62 | 30.6 | 47.1 | ||
LS | 0.96 | 0.60 | 32.6 | 49.4 | ||
Zhendao 14 | UP | 1.26 | 0.80 | 20.3 | 34.9 | |
US | 1.07 | 0.68 | 24.4 | 39.9 | ||
MP | 1.17 | 0.76 | 21.8 | 36.7 | ||
MS | 1.06 | 0.68 | 27.6 | 43.1 | ||
LP | 1.05 | 0.65 | 31.0 | 47.7 | ||
LS | 1.01 | 0.64 | 31.5 | 47.7 | ||
Mean | 1.09 b | 0.70 b | 26.2 b | 41.8 b | ||
HI | Fengyou 293 | UP | 1.96 | 1.26 | 14.1 | 22.5 |
US | 1.90 | 1.19 | 16.4 | 26.0 | ||
MP | 1.75 | 1.11 | 16.8 | 26.6 | ||
MS | 1.12 | 0.71 | 23.7 | 39.1 | ||
LP | 1.02 | 0.66 | 27.4 | 43.0 | ||
LS | 0.95 | 0.60 | 25.6 | 40.9 | ||
Zhongnanyou 1 | UP | 1.93 | 1.25 | 14.1 | 22.5 | |
US | 1.93 | 1.21 | 16.4 | 26.2 | ||
MP | 1.76 | 1.11 | 16.9 | 26.6 | ||
MS | 1.13 | 0.71 | 23.8 | 38.9 | ||
LP | 0.95 | 0.60 | 27.1 | 42.4 | ||
LS | 0.95 | 0.60 | 27.2 | 42.9 | ||
Mean | 1.45 a | 0.92 a | 20.8 c | 33.1 c |
Cultivar Type | Cultivar | Grain Position | Early Stage | Middle Stage | Late Stage | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Days (d) | GRmean (mg Grain−1 d−1) | GFA (mg) | Days (d) | GRmean (mg Grain−1 d−1) | GFA (mg) | Days (d) | GRmean (mg Grain−1 d−1) | GFA (mg) | |||
EJIH | Yongyou 2640 | UP | 14.7 | 0.52 | 218 | 9.1 | 1.17 | 299 | 7.5 | 0.29 | 62 |
US | 23.8 | 0.30 | 656 | 13.4 | 0.66 | 808 | 10.3 | 0.15 | 146 | ||
MP | 18.2 | 0.36 | 175 | 10.7 | 0.97 | 274 | 9.7 | 0.26 | 66 | ||
MS | 27.8 | 0.19 | 421 | 12.4 | 0.76 | 721 | 11.8 | 0.21 | 193 | ||
LP | 30.2 | 0.17 | 139 | 13.5 | 0.66 | 238 | 12.9 | 0.18 | 64 | ||
LS | 32.9 | 0.12 | 116 | 26.1 | 0.43 | 318 | 32.5 | 0.15 | 138 | ||
Yongyou 1640 | UP | 15.3 | 0.53 | 273 | 10.1 | 1.07 | 364 | 8.2 | 0.26 | 72 | |
US | 25.1 | 0.29 | 535 | 13.9 | 0.67 | 676 | 10.9 | 0.16 | 126 | ||
MP | 18.8 | 0.40 | 284 | 10.7 | 0.96 | 389 | 8.9 | 0.24 | 80 | ||
MS | 30.6 | 0.17 | 413 | 12.9 | 0.78 | 764 | 13.0 | 0.22 | 223 | ||
LP | 31.0 | 0.16 | 173 | 13.1 | 0.71 | 320 | 13.2 | 0.20 | 93 | ||
LS | 34.6 | 0.13 | 139 | 28.4 | 0.44 | 380 | 35.4 | 0.15 | 165 | ||
Mean | 25.2 a | 0.28 b | 295 a | 14.6 a | 0.77 b | 462 a | 14.6 a | 0.20 b | 119 a | ||
CJ | Yangjing 4227 | UP | 14.1 | 0.76 | 252 | 12.3 | 0.89 | 259 | 8.3 | 0.18 | 37 |
US | 18.2 | 0.48 | 116 | 12.0 | 0.93 | 147 | 9.5 | 0.22 | 28 | ||
MP | 16.3 | 0.54 | 212 | 11.3 | 1.07 | 289 | 9.3 | 0.26 | 59 | ||
MS | 21.8 | 0.38 | 280 | 12.3 | 0.85 | 351 | 9.6 | 0.20 | 65 | ||
LP | 24.8 | 0.28 | 167 | 11.6 | 0.95 | 262 | 10.5 | 0.25 | 64 | ||
LS | 27.2 | 0.19 | 142 | 10.7 | 0.98 | 286 | 11.3 | 0.29 | 92 | ||
Zhendao 14 | UP | 14.2 | 0.78 | 276 | 12.3 | 0.93 | 287 | 8.3 | 0.19 | 41 | |
US | 18.3 | 0.50 | 127 | 12.1 | 0.95 | 160 | 9.4 | 0.22 | 30 | ||
MP | 16.2 | 0.56 | 246 | 11.1 | 1.12 | 337 | 9.2 | 0.27 | 69 | ||
MS | 21.6 | 0.40 | 337 | 12.0 | 0.90 | 421 | 9.3 | 0.21 | 77 | ||
LP | 25.1 | 0.29 | 175 | 11.9 | 0.94 | 270 | 10.7 | 0.25 | 64 | ||
LS | 26.2 | 0.21 | 128 | 10.5 | 1.03 | 252 | 10.9 | 0.31 | 79 | ||
Mean | 20.3 b | 0.45 a | 205 c | 11.7 b | 0.96 ab | 277 c | 9.8 b | 0.24 b | 59 b | ||
HI | Fengyou 293 | UP | 10.7 | 0.94 | 195 | 6.8 | 1.69 | 222 | 4.9 | 0.38 | 36 |
US | 13.0 | 0.56 | 273 | 6.7 | 1.73 | 436 | 6.1 | 0.46 | 108 | ||
MP | 13.0 | 0.69 | 185 | 7.5 | 1.55 | 240 | 6.0 | 0.37 | 46 | ||
MS | 17.9 | 0.48 | 434 | 11.6 | 0.99 | 583 | 9.5 | 0.24 | 118 | ||
LP | 21.2 | 0.39 | 180 | 12.3 | 0.84 | 222 | 9.4 | 0.19 | 40 | ||
LS | 20.2 | 0.30 | 151 | 10.8 | 0.90 | 241 | 9.9 | 0.24 | 60 | ||
Zhongnanyou 1 | UP | 10.7 | 0.95 | 176 | 6.8 | 1.71 | 200 | 4.9 | 0.38 | 33 | |
US | 12.9 | 0.57 | 338 | 6.9 | 1.71 | 539 | 6.3 | 0.46 | 133 | ||
MP | 13.1 | 0.71 | 178 | 7.5 | 1.56 | 225 | 5.9 | 0.37 | 42 | ||
MS | 18.0 | 0.49 | 448 | 11.5 | 1.00 | 584 | 9.2 | 0.24 | 114 | ||
LP | 21.1 | 0.40 | 164 | 12.1 | 0.84 | 198 | 9.2 | 0.19 | 35 | ||
LS | 21.4 | 0.32 | 194 | 11.6 | 0.84 | 275 | 9.8 | 0.21 | 59 | ||
Mean | 16.1 c | 0.57 a | 243 b | 9.3 b | 1.28 a | 331 b | 7.6 b | 0.31 a | 69 b |
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Meng, T.; Chen, X.; Zhang, X.; Ge, J.; Zhou, G.; Dai, Q.; Wei, H. Grain-Filling Characteristics in Extra-Large Panicle Type of Early-Maturing japonica/indica Hybrids. Agriculture 2021, 11, 1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111165
Meng T, Chen X, Zhang X, Ge J, Zhou G, Dai Q, Wei H. Grain-Filling Characteristics in Extra-Large Panicle Type of Early-Maturing japonica/indica Hybrids. Agriculture. 2021; 11(11):1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111165
Chicago/Turabian StyleMeng, Tianyao, Xi Chen, Xubin Zhang, Jialin Ge, Guisheng Zhou, Qigen Dai, and Huanhe Wei. 2021. "Grain-Filling Characteristics in Extra-Large Panicle Type of Early-Maturing japonica/indica Hybrids" Agriculture 11, no. 11: 1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111165