Investigating the Influence of Biochar Amendment on the Physicochemical Properties of Podzolic Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Site, Sample Collection from Field and Sample Preparation
2.2. Biochar Characterization
2.3. Soil Particle Size Analysis
2.4. Bulk Density (BD)
2.5. Water Repellency (WR)
2.6. pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC)
2.7. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
2.8. Total Carbon (TC) and Nitrogen (N)
2.9. Soil Water Retention Curve (SWRC)
2.9.1. Porosity and Field Capacity (FC)
2.9.2. Plant Available Water (PAW)
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Basic Physicochemical Properties of Soil and Biochar
3.2. Characteristics of Granular and Powder Biochar (BET and SEM Image Analysis)
3.3. Soil Particle Size Distribution
3.4. Bulk Density (BD)
3.5. Water Repellency (WR)
3.6. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
3.7. Total Carbon (TC) and Nitrogen (N)
3.8. Soil Water Retention Curve (SWRC)
3.8.1. Porosity and Field Capacity (FC)
3.8.2. Plant Available Water (PAW)
3.9. Temporal Effects of Treatments on Soil pH
3.10. Temporal Effect on Electrical Conductivity (EC)
3.11. Temporal Effect on Water Repellency vs. Moisture Content
3.12. Principal Component Analysis
4. Discussion
- Hydrological functions of biochar-amended soil need to be investigated at different environmental conditions (field experiments), which will help to predict potential effects of different types and rates of biochar, especially higher doses on SWR. In addition, the agronomic benefits of biochar application in the soil need to be evaluated [79].
- The physicochemical properties of biochar may change after a period of environmental exposure. For example, porosity (surface structural characteristics) is likely to be gradually altered by 4 years of exposure [36,80]. This can affect the properties of biochar-amended soil and make it a challenge to predict ecosystem services in the long-term. Thus, the long-term stability of biochar in soil and its impact on soil physicochemical properties need to be investigated.
- Quantitative risk assessment of biochar application on human health and ecosystem [81] is very important to ensure proper safety, development, and sustainability if biochar application use is to increase in boreal agricultural system.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Physicochemical Parameters | Unit | Topsoil | E-Horizon Soil | Mixed Soil | Granular Biochar | Powder Biochar |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 5.3 ± 0.00 | 4.3 ± 0.00 | 5.6 ± 0.00 | 9 * | 8.9 * | |
EC | dSm−1 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 5.2 * | 1.3 * |
CEC | cmolkg−1 | 4.99 ± 0.09 | 2.61 ± 0.27 | 3.61 ± 0.17 | 11.07 ± 0.70 | 5.76 ± 0.31 |
BD | gcm−3 | 1.31 ± 0.10 | 1.40 ± 0.00 | 1.34 ± 0.00 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | 0.35 ± 0.00 |
WR | s | 1.67 ± 0.58 | 4.00 ± 0.00 | 3.00 ± 0.00 | - | - |
TC | % | 2.40 ± 0.00 | 0.43 ± 0.00 | 1.74 ± 0.00 | 24.53 ± 1.24 | 58.63 ± 4.60 |
N | % | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.04 |
Porosity | % | 52.00 | 39.63 | 48.41 | - | - |
FC | % | 29.18 | 27.86 | 30.33 | - | - |
Surface Area | m2g−1 | - | - | - | Almost nonporous | 12.9 |
Clay | % | 16 | 10 | 14 | - | - |
Silt | % | 24 | 32 | 27 | - | - |
Sand | % | 60 | 58 | 59 | - | - |
Sl. No | Soil Type | Biochar | Bulk Density (gcm−3) | WR (s) [p] | CEC (cmolkg−1) [p] | Total C (%) | Nitrogen (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Top soil | GBC | 0% | 1.31 ± 0.1 | 1.67 ± 0.58 | 4.99 ± 0.09 | 2.40 ± 0.0 | 0.05 ± 0.0 |
2 | 0.5% | 1.28 ± 0.0 | 2.33 ± 0.58 [0.39] | 4.92 ± 1.26 [0.20] | 2.40 ± 0.0 | 0.05 ± 0.0 | ||
3 | 1% | 1.24 ± 0.0 | 3.00 ± 0.00 | 4.57 ± 0.85 [0.20] | 2.40 ± 0.0 | 0.05 ± 0.0 | ||
4 | 2% | 1.18 ± 0.0 | 3.00 ± 0.00 | 5.09 ± 1.76 [0.20] | 2.40 ± 0.0 | 0.05 ± 0.0 | ||
5 | PBC | 0% | 1.31 ± 0.1 | 2.33 ± 0.58 | 4.93 ± 0.08 | 2.40 ± 0.0 | 0.05 ± 0.0 | |
6 | 0.5% | 1.29 ± 0.0 | 3.00 ± 0.00 | 5.34 ± 0.60 [0.20] | 2.40 ± 0.0 | 0.05 ± 0.0 | ||
7 | 1% | 1.28 ± 0.0 | 2.67 ± 0.58 [0.08] | 5.24 ± 0.10 [0.20] | 2.41 ± 0.0 | 0.05 ± 0.0 | ||
8 | 2% | 1.24 ± 0.0 | 4.00 ± 0.00 | 4.99 ± 0.18 [0.20] | 2.41 ± 0.0 | 0.05 ± 0.0 | ||
9 | E-horizon soil | GBC | 0% | 1.40 ± 0.0 | 4.00 ± 0.00 | 2.61 ± 0.27 | 0.43 ± 0.0 | 0.07 ± 0.0 |
10 | 0.5% | 1.36 ± 0.0 | 4.67 ± 0.58 | 2.39 ± 0.34 [0.20] | 0.43 ± 0.0 | 0.07 ± 0.0 | ||
11 | 1% | 1.32 ± 0.0 | 4.67 ± 0.58 | 2.35 ± 0.49 [0.20] | 0.43 ± 0.0 | 0.07 ± 0.0 | ||
12 | 2% | 1.25 ± 0.0 | 4.67 ± 0.58 | 2.70 ± 0.31 [0.20] | 0.43 ± 0.0 | 0.07 ± 0.0 | ||
13 | PBC | 0% | 1.40 ± 0.0 | 4.00 ± 0.00 | 2.28 ± 0.49 | 0.43 ± 0.0 | 0.07 ± 0.0 | |
14 | 0.5% | 1.38 ± 0.0 | 4.33 ± 0.58 | 1.71 ± 0.41 [0.20] | 0.43 ± 0.0 | 0.07 ± 0.0 | ||
15 | 1% | 1.36 ± 0.0 | 4.00 ± 0.00 | 1.43 ± 0.06 [0.20] | 0.44 ± 0.0 | 0.07 ± 0.0 | ||
16 | 2% | 1.32 ± 0.0 | 4.67 ± 0.58 | 1.53 ± 0.07 [0.22] | 0.44 ± 0.0 | 0.07 ± 0.0 | ||
17 | Mixed soil | GBC | 0% | 1.34 ± 0.0 | 3.00 ± 0.00 | 2.83 ± 1.32 | 1.74 ± 0.0 | 0.06 ± 0.0 |
18 | 0.5% | 1.30 ± 0.0 | 3.67 ± 0.58 | 3.64 ± 0.45 [0.20] | 1.74 ± 0.0 | 0.06 ± 0.0 | ||
19 | 1% | 1.27 ± 0.0 | 3.00 ± 0.00 | 3.49 ± 0.41 [0.20] | 1.74 ± 0.0 | 0.06 ± 0.0 | ||
20 | 2% | 1.21 ± 0.0 | 3.00 ± 0.00 | 3.61 ± 0.22 [0.20] | 1.74 ± 0.0 | 0.06 ± 0.0 | ||
21 | PBC | 0% | 1.34 ± 0.0 | 2.33 ± 0.58 | 3.61 ± 0.17 | 1.74 ± 0.0 | 0.06 ± 0.0 | |
22 | 0.5% | 1.32 ± 0.0 | 2.33 ± 0.58 [0.08] | 3.59 ± 0.15 [0.20] | 1.74 ± 0.0 | 0.06 ± 0.0 | ||
23 | 1% | 1.30 ± 0.0 | 3.00 ± 0.00 | 3.38 ± 0.30 [0.20] | 1.75 ± 0.0 | 0.06 ± 0.0 | ||
24 | 2% | 1.27 ± 0.0 | 3.33 ± 0.58 [0.39] | 3.35 ± 0.13 [0.20] | 1.75 ± 0.0 | 0.06 ± 0.0 |
Sl. No | Soil Type | Biochar | θs (cm3cm−3) | θr (cm3cm−3) | α | n | R2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Rate | a | b | ||||||
01 | Top soil | GBC | 0% | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.07 | 1.98 | 1.81 | 0.9534 |
02 | 1% | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.06 | 3.37 | 1.89 | 0.9889 | ||
03 | 2% | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.06 | 4.75 | 1.89 | 0.9973 | ||
04 | PBC | 0% | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.06 | 1.74 | 1.75 | 0.9549 | |
05 | 1% | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.06 | 1.95 | 1.68 | 0.9652 | ||
06 | 2% | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.06 | 2.27 | 1.76 | 0.9857 | ||
07 | E-horizon soil | GBC | 0% | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.05 | 0.49 | 5.65 | 0.9421 |
08 | 1% | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.05 | 0.45 | 6.95 | 0.9612 | ||
09 | 2% | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.05 | 0.90 | 4.85 | 0.9714 | ||
10 | PBC | 0% | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.05 | 0.49 | 5.65 | 0.9543 | |
11 | 1% | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.05 | 0.85 | 4.32 | 0.9693 | ||
12 | 2% | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.05 | 0.41 | 8.27 | 0.9514 | ||
13 | Mixed soil | GBC | 0% | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.06 | 0.95 | 2.87 | 0.9677 |
14 | 1% | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.06 | 1.25 | 2.81 | 0.9784 | ||
15 | 2% | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.06 | 1.20 | 2.75 | 0.9851 | ||
16 | PBC | 0% | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.06 | 0.90 | 2.85 | 0.9601 | |
17 | 1% | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.06 | 0.90 | 2.95 | 0.9685 | ||
18 | 2% | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.06 | 0.90 | 2.85 | 0.9826 |
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Saha, R.; Galagedara, L.; Thomas, R.; Nadeem, M.; Hawboldt, K. Investigating the Influence of Biochar Amendment on the Physicochemical Properties of Podzolic Soil. Agriculture 2020, 10, 471. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10100471
Saha R, Galagedara L, Thomas R, Nadeem M, Hawboldt K. Investigating the Influence of Biochar Amendment on the Physicochemical Properties of Podzolic Soil. Agriculture. 2020; 10(10):471. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10100471
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaha, Ratnajit, Lakshman Galagedara, Raymond Thomas, Muhammad Nadeem, and Kelly Hawboldt. 2020. "Investigating the Influence of Biochar Amendment on the Physicochemical Properties of Podzolic Soil" Agriculture 10, no. 10: 471. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10100471