Association of the Qualitative Clock Drawing Test with Progression to Dementia in Non-Demented Older Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Neuropsychological Assessments
2.3. Clock Drawing Test
2.4. Dementia Diagnosis
2.5. Anti-Dementia Medications
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All Participants (n = 163) | Progression to Dementia (n = 26) | No Progression to Dementia (n = 137) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean ± SD | 76.1 ± 7.1 | 79.0 ± 5.2 | 75.5 ± 7.3 | 0.005 |
Men, n (%) | 67 (41.1) | 9 (34.6) | 58 (42.3) | 0.520 |
Education years | 12.9 ± 2.8 | 12.9 ± 3.4 | 12.9 ± 2.6 | 0.938 |
MMSE, mean ± SD | 27.4 ± 1.8 | 26.1 ± 1.6 | 27.6 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
CDT, mean ± SD | 7.1 ± 2.1 | 5.6 ± 2.5 | 7.4 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
Anti-dementia medications, n (%) | 25 (18.4) | 5 (19.2) | 20 (14.6) | 0.227 |
Odds (95% CI) Model 1 | p-Value | Odds (95% CI) Model 2 | p-Value | Odds (95% CI) Model 3 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 1.071 (0.967–1.119) | 0.187 | 1.088 (0.968–1.141) | 0.240 | 1.062 (0.960–1.174) | 0.244 |
Sex | 0.702 (0.191–2.571) | 0.593 | 0.632 (0.159–2.507) | 0.514 | 0.811 (0.238–2.760) | 0.737 |
Education | 1.285 (1.015–1.627) | 0.037 | 1.302 (1.017–1.666) | 0.036 | 1.222 (0.983–1.520) | 0.071 |
Anti-dementia medications | 2.394 (0.605–9.458) | 0.214 | 2.723 (0.658–11.269) | 0.167 | 2.319 (0.607–80853) | 0.218 |
MMSE | 0.640 (0.419–0.976) | 0.038 | 0.594 (0.397–0.889) | 0.011 | 0.533 (0.359–0.792) | 0.001 |
CDT | 0.750 (0.569–0.987) | 0.040 | – | – | – | – |
Conceptual deficits | – | – | 6.342 (1.825–22.046) | 0.004 | – | – |
Planning deficits | – | – | – | – | 1.345 (0.382–4.742) | 0.645 |
MMSE Score | Conceptual Deficits | Progression to Dementia | No Progression to Dementia |
24 ≤ MMSE ≤ 27 | No | 6 | 46 |
Yes | 13 | 13 | |
MMSE ≥ 28 | No | 5 | 62 |
Yes | 2 | 15 | |
Conceptual Deficits | Progression to Dementia | No Progression to Dementia | |
24 ≤ MMSE ≤ 26 | No | 4 | 27 |
Yes | 11 | 10 | |
MMSE ≥ 27 | No | 7 | 81 |
Yes | 4 | 18 |
Total | Without Conceptual Deficits | With Conceptual Deficits | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Participants, n | 163 | 120 | 43 | |
Age, mean ± SD | 76.1 ± 7.1 | 75.7 ± 7.4 | 77.0 ± 6.4 | 0.297 |
Men, n (%) | 67 (41.1) | 49 (40.8) | 18 (41.9) | 0.906 |
Years of education | 12.9 ± 2.8 | 13.1 ± 2.7 | 12.5 ± 3.0 | 0.297 |
CDT | 7.1 (± 2.1) | 8 (± 1.2) | 4.4 (± 1.6) | <0.01 |
Logical memory I | 15.3 (± 7.3) | 15.9 (± 7.3) | 13.7 (± 7.1) | 0.10 |
Logical memory II | 9.1 (± 7.3) | 9.6 (± 7.4) | 7.7 (± 7.2) | 0.14 |
Word recall immediate | 6.1 (± 1.7) | 6.3 (± 1.7) | 5.5 (± 1.7) | 0.01 |
Word recall delayed | 5.5 (± 2.8) | 5.8 (± 2.9) | 4.7 (± 2.3) | 0.01 |
Verbal fluency category | 15.6 (± 4.6) | 15.7 (± 4.6) | 15.1 (± 4.6) | 0.46 |
Verbal fluency initial letter | 9.3 (± 3.8) | 9.6 (± 3.9) | 8.7 (± 3.4) | 0.17 |
Digit span | 13.2 (± 3.3) | 13.4 (± 3.4) | 12.6 (± 2.9) | 0.17 |
Digit symbol | 41.7 (± 12.3) | 42.5 (± 12.6) | 39.2 (± 11.4) | 0.14 |
Stroop | 16.9 (± 13.7) | 17.2 (± 14.8) | 16.6 (± 10.0) | 0.81 |
TMT-A | 63 (± 26.5) | 61.5 (± 27.3) | 68.1 (± 23.8) | 0.18 |
TMT-B | 162.6 (± 82.0) | 161.9 (± 86.3) | 166.3 (± 68.8) | 0.78 |
ADAS-J Cog | 8.3 (± 4.9) | 7.6 (± 3.9) | 10.3 (± 6.8) | 0.02 |
MMSE | 27.4 (± 1.8) | 27.6 (± 1.7) | 26.8 (± 1.9) | <0.01 |
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Umegaki, H.; Suzuki, Y.; Yamada, Y.; Komiya, H.; Watanabe, K.; Nagae, M.; Kuzuya, M. Association of the Qualitative Clock Drawing Test with Progression to Dementia in Non-Demented Older Adults. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2850. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092850
Umegaki H, Suzuki Y, Yamada Y, Komiya H, Watanabe K, Nagae M, Kuzuya M. Association of the Qualitative Clock Drawing Test with Progression to Dementia in Non-Demented Older Adults. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(9):2850. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092850
Chicago/Turabian StyleUmegaki, Hiroyuki, Yusuke Suzuki, Yosuke Yamada, Hitoshi Komiya, Kazuhisa Watanabe, Masaaki Nagae, and Masafumi Kuzuya. 2020. "Association of the Qualitative Clock Drawing Test with Progression to Dementia in Non-Demented Older Adults" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 9: 2850. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092850