Mental Health of Medical and Non-Medical Professionals during the Peak of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Nationwide Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Study Outcomes
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Psychopathological Outcomes
3.3. Determinants of Psychopathological Outcomes in Medical and Non-Medical Professionals
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Medical Professionals, n = 1216 | Non-Medical Professionals, n = 823 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Sex, females | 973 (80.0%) | 612 (74.4%) | 0.003 |
Age, years | 39.23 (12.26) | 40.4 (13.24) | 0.093 |
Urban place of residence | 1177 (96.79%) | 756(91.86%) | <0.001 |
In relationship or married | 934 (76.8%) | 619 (75.2%) | 0.437 |
Having children | 622 (51.2%) | 468 (56.9%) | 0.013 |
Caring for a disabled person | 219 (18.1%) | 100 (12.2%) | <0.001 |
Major changes in private life | 229 (24.1%) | 115(18%) | 0.011 |
Working time (hours per week) | 44.89 (14.27) | 39.15 (11.18) | <0.001 |
Length of service (years) | 14.59 (12.53) | 18.84 (11.94) | <0.001 |
Work location change during the COVID-19 pandemic | 359 (29.9%) | 418 (62.1%) | <0.001 |
Increase in working time | 218 (19.7%) | 157 (25.7%) | 0.041 |
Work in a shift system | 507 (42.4%) | 56 (8.4%) | <0.001 |
Contact with the COVID-19 patient without personal protective equipment | 207 (17%) | 41 (5%) | <0.001 |
Confirmed COVID-19 infection | 12 (1%) | 3 (0.4%) | 0.121 |
Contact with the COVID-19 patients at work | 289 (24.1%) | 9 (1.3%) | <0.001 |
Work experience of death due to COVID-19 | 41 (3.4%) | 7 (1%) | 0.003 |
Appropriate protection against infection | 356 (29.7%) | 522 (77.9%) | <0.001 |
Too few employees compared to the workload | 798 (66.4%) | 236 (35.5%) | <0.001 |
Medical Professionals, n =1216 | Non-Medical Professions, n =823 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
GHQ-28—total score | 29.7 (14.9) | 26.1 (14.8) | <0.001 |
GHQ-28—positive scoring | 739 (60.8%) | 395(48.0%) | < 0.001 |
GHQ-28—somatic symptoms | 7.7 (4.6) | 6.5 (4.5) | <0.001 |
GHQ-28—anxiety and insomnia | 10.0 (5.4) | 8.2 (5.3) | <0.001 |
GHQ-28—social dysfunction | 8.5 (3.5) | 8.2 (3.5) | 0.037 |
GHQ-28—severe depression | 3.5 (3.9) | 3.2 (3.9) | 0.036 |
The use of sedatives | 177(14.8%) | 85 (12.7%) | 0.234 |
Fear for personal health | 679 (55.9%) | 328 (39.9%) | <0.001 |
Fear for the health of loved ones | 714 (58.7%) | 426 (51.8%) | <0.001 |
Worsening of mental health due to media reports | 811 (66.7%) | 482 (58.5%) | <0.001 |
Frustration | 990 (81.4%) | 612 (74.4%) | <0.001 |
Loneliness because of isolation | 754 (62%) | 501 (60.9%) | 0.138 |
Anger | 919 (75.6%) | 521 (63.3%) | <0.001 |
Increased alcohol or nicotine intake | 305 (25.1%) | 145 (17.6%) | 0.002 |
GHQ-28 Total Score | GHQ-28 Somatic Symptoms | GHQ-28 Anxiety and Insomnia | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | p | F | p | F | p | |
Medical/non-medical profession | 13.877 | <0.001 | 12.678 | <0.001 | 25.988 | <0.001 |
Sex | 77.337 | <0.001 | 88.272 | <0.001 | 93.801 | <0.001 |
Age | 6.438 | 0.011 | 3.757 | 0.053 | 5.383 | 0.020 |
Place of residence | 0.675 | 0.411 | 2.720 | 0.099 | 0.666 | 0.415 |
Children | 0.983 | 0.322 | 0.006 | 0.939 | 0.040 | 0.841 |
Caring for a disabled person | 3.396 | 0.066 | 4.448 | 0.035 | 2.515 | 0.113 |
Change in working time | 1.406 | 0.236 | 1.003 | 0.317 | 0.613 | 0.434 |
Shift work | 3.225 | 0.073 | 5.279 | 0.022 | 3.122 | 0.077 |
Group of Participants | Variable | Beta | p-Value | VIF | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Medical professionals | male sex | −4.789 | <0.000 | 1.11 | −6.520–3.058 |
age | −0.047 | 0.022 | 1.93 | −0.121–0.028 | |
urban place of residence | 2.266 | 0.239 | 1.03 | −1.507–6.039 | |
in relationship or married | −0.196 | 0.816 | 1.12 | −1.851–1.459 | |
having children | −0.812 | 0.375 | 1.84 | −2.607–0.983 | |
caring for a disabled person | 1.379 | 0.136 | 1.12 | −0.435–3.193 | |
professional inactivity | 0.428 | 0.861 | 1.08 | −4.365–5.220 | |
contact with COVID-19 without protective measures | 0.798 | 0.395 | 1.11 | −1.042–2.639 | |
confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection | 3.995 | 0.256 | 1.08 | −2.908–10.897 | |
confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection among family or friends | −1.561 | 0.235 | 1.07 | −4.142–1.019 | |
death due to COVID-19 among family or friends | −0.429 | 0.929 | 1.02 | −9.857–8.998 | |
contact with people with COVID-19 at work | 1.075 | 0.202 | 1.14 | −0.578–2.727 | |
experience of death from COVID-19 in the workplace | 0.716 | 0.712 | 1.10 | −3.092–4.524 | |
appropriate protection against infection | −1.742 | 0.029 | 1.18 | −3.309–0.174 | |
major changes in private life | 2.916 | <0.000 | 1.10 | 1.284–4.547 | |
fear for my health | 6.290 | <0.000 | 1.46 | 4.681–7.899 | |
fear for the health of loved ones | 2.926 | <0.000 | 1.41 | 1.332–4.521 | |
media reports worsen mental state | 3.224 | <0.000 | 1.48 | 1.522–4.927 | |
frustration | 4.251 | <0.000 | 1.46 | 2.202–6.299 | |
loneliness because of isolation | 2.841 | <0.000 | 1.24 | 1.323–4.359 | |
anger | 2.708 | 0.003 | 1.32 | 0.927–4.489 | |
increased alcohol of nicotine intake | 6.127 | <0.000 | 1.08 | 4.549–7.706 | |
Non-medical professions | male sex | −2.583 | 0.018 | 1.11 | −4.718–0.448 |
age | 0.070 | 0.146 | 1.45 | −0.025–0.164 | |
urban place of residence | −1.297 | 0.468 | 1.02 | −4.804–2.210 | |
in relationship or married | −1.509 | 0.209 | 1.20 | −3.866–0.849 | |
having children | −0.928 | 0.453 | 1.70 | −3.359–1.502 | |
caring for a disabled person | −1.555 | 0.263 | 1.09 | −4.281–1.171 | |
professional inactivity | −5.106 | 0.142 | 1.11 | −11.935–1.722 | |
contact with COVID-19 without protective measures | 4.637 | 0.029 | 1.10 | 0.472–8.802 | |
confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection | 12.555 | 0.150 | 1.09 | −4.554–29.663 | |
confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection among family or friends | 1.149 | 0.574 | 1.10 | −2.859–5.157 | |
death due to COVID-19 among family or friends | 1.682 | 0.760 | 1.08 | −9.128–12.491 | |
contact with people with COVID-19 at work | −0.755 | 0.852 | 1.04 | −8.677–7.167 | |
experience of death from COVID-19 in the workplace | −8.593 | 0.063 | 1.06 | −17.658–0.473 | |
appropriate protection against infection | −0.136 | 0.906 | 1.10 | −2.404–2.131 | |
major changes in private life | 4.014 | 0.003 | 1.18 | 1.381–6.646 | |
fear for my health | 7.371 | <0.000 | 1.58 | 5.075–9.666 | |
fear for the health of loved ones | 1.250 | 0.245 | 1.38 | -0.862–3.362 | |
media reports worsen mental state | 3.827 | 0.001 | 1.40 | 1.667–5.988 | |
frustration | 5.088 | 0.000 | 1.47 | 2.586–7.591 | |
loneliness because of isolation | 3.673 | 0.001 | 1.33 | 1.552–5.794 | |
anger | 3.454 | 0.001 | 1.27 | 1.350–5.557 | |
increased alcohol of nicotine intake | 5.324 | 0.000 | 1.04 | 3.016–7.632 |
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Maciaszek, J.; Ciulkowicz, M.; Misiak, B.; Szczesniak, D.; Luc, D.; Wieczorek, T.; Fila-Witecka, K.; Gawlowski, P.; Rymaszewska, J. Mental Health of Medical and Non-Medical Professionals during the Peak of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Nationwide Study. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2527. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082527
Maciaszek J, Ciulkowicz M, Misiak B, Szczesniak D, Luc D, Wieczorek T, Fila-Witecka K, Gawlowski P, Rymaszewska J. Mental Health of Medical and Non-Medical Professionals during the Peak of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Nationwide Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(8):2527. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082527
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaciaszek, Julian, Marta Ciulkowicz, Blazej Misiak, Dorota Szczesniak, Dorota Luc, Tomasz Wieczorek, Karolina Fila-Witecka, Pawel Gawlowski, and Joanna Rymaszewska. 2020. "Mental Health of Medical and Non-Medical Professionals during the Peak of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Nationwide Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 8: 2527. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082527
APA StyleMaciaszek, J., Ciulkowicz, M., Misiak, B., Szczesniak, D., Luc, D., Wieczorek, T., Fila-Witecka, K., Gawlowski, P., & Rymaszewska, J. (2020). Mental Health of Medical and Non-Medical Professionals during the Peak of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Nationwide Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(8), 2527. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082527