Diagnosis and Treatment of Early Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Variable Lung-Function Trajectories
3. Diagnosis
3.1. Definition
3.2. Diagnostic Tools for Early COPD
3.2.1. Identification of Risk Factors
3.2.2. Pulmonary Function Test and Other Physiological Tests
3.2.3. Imaging Studies
3.2.4. Clinical Features
3.2.5. Biomarkers of Disease Progression
3.3. Natural Course of Early COPD
3.4. Treatment of Early COPD
3.5. Treatment of Early-Onset COPD and Mild COPD
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Diagnostic Tools | Supplements |
---|---|---|
Identification of risk factors | Tobacco smoking | In utero Parental smoking Second-hand smoke Smoking |
Childhood infection | ||
Respiratory diseases (e.g., asthma) | ||
Biomass smoke exposure | ||
Air pollution | NO2, NOx, PM10, traffic indicators | |
Occupational exposure | ||
Genetic factors | AAT deficiency, cutis laxa, Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome | |
Physiological tests | Accelerated FEV1 decline | Annual decline >60 mL |
FEF25–75 | Small-airway obstruction | |
Airway hyperresponsiveness | ||
RV/TLC | Lung hyperinflation | |
Cardiopulmonary exercise test | ||
DLCO | Alveolar destruction | |
Lung clearance index | Heterogeneity of small-airway function | |
Impedance oscillometry | Airway resistance and capacitance | |
Imaging studies | Chest CT | Distinguishing structural deformities Quantification of emphysema TAC Airway wall thickness Radiographically measured RV/TLC |
Parametric Response Mapping (PRM) | Identification of small-airway disease | |
Hyperpolarized MRI | Structural and functional abnormality of lung Regional ventilation Alveolar enlargement Gas diffusion | |
Gadolinium-enhanced MRI | Early structural change of COPD | |
Clinical features | Chronic bronchitis symptom | Cough, sputum in 3 months per year (≥2 consecutive years) |
SGRQ score | Health-related QOL | |
6 MWT | Exercise function |
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Choi, J.Y.; Rhee, C.K. Diagnosis and Treatment of Early Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD). J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 3426. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113426
Choi JY, Rhee CK. Diagnosis and Treatment of Early Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD). Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(11):3426. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113426
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Joon Young, and Chin Kook Rhee. 2020. "Diagnosis and Treatment of Early Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD)" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 11: 3426. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113426