SARS-CoV-2 and Oral Manifestation: An Observational, Human Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Study Design and Sample Selection
2.2. Ethical Consideration
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Questionnaire
1. Age | |
2. Sex | Male |
Female | |
3. Place of origin | |
4. How many teeth do you have in your mouth? | >20 teeth |
10–19 teeth | |
1–9 teeth | |
totally edentulous patient | |
5. Are you a smoker? | Yes |
No | |
6. When did you last go to the dentist? | performed within 6 months |
performed within 1 year | |
more than a year since the last visit | |
7. How many times did you brush your teeth in a day before being hospitalized? | times/after meals daily |
times daily | |
1 time daily | |
Never | |
8. Did you use interdental brushes? | Yes |
No | |
9. If yes, how often weekly? | Yes, but it has been treated |
Yes, but I neglect the problem | |
No, I wasn’t told | |
I don’t know | |
10. When brushing your teeth, do your gums bleed? | Yes |
No | |
11. Did you clean your tongue before hospitalization? | Yes |
No | |
12. Did the dentist ever tell you that you have gum problems, gum infections or inflammation? | Yes, but it has been treated |
Yes, but I neglect the problem | |
No, I wasn’t told | |
I don’t know | |
13. Did the dentist extract your teeth because they had high mobility? | Yes |
No | |
14. Are you wearing a fixed prosthesis? | Yes |
15. Are you wearing a removable prosthesis? | Yes, total |
Yes, partial | |
Yes, both total and partial | |
No | |
16. Has anyone in your family of origin (father, mother, siblings, uncles, …) had gum problems such as periodontitis? | Yes |
No | |
I don’t know | |
17. Do you suffer from xerostomia (dry mouth)? | Yes |
No | |
18. Which home oral hygiene aids do you use now that you are hospitalized? | toothbrush + toothpaste + floss |
prosthesis brush + toothpaste + tablets | |
toothbrush + toothpaste | |
nothing | |
19. How many times do you brush your teeth a day, now that you are hospitalized? | 1230 |
20. Do you still clean your tongue now? | Yes |
No | |
21. Do you currently bleed from your gums while cleaning your teeth? | Yes |
No | |
22. Did you have any chewing problems during the period of illness (COVID-19)? | Yes |
No | |
23. Did you have any swallowing problems during the period of illness (COVID-19)? | Yes |
No | |
24. Did you experience a burning sensation in your mouth during the period of your illness (COVID-19)? | Yes |
No | |
25. Did you experience halitosis during the period of your illness (COVID-19)? | Yes |
No | |
26. During the period of your illness (COVID-19) did you have tooth problems/pain? | Yes |
No | |
27. During the period of the disease (COVID-19) did you have any taste alterations? | Yes |
No | |
28. Did you suffer from xerostomia during the period of your illness (COVID-19)? | Yes |
No | |
29. Do you suffer from diabetes? | Yes |
No | |
30. Do you suffer from cardiovascular disease? | Yes |
No | |
31. Do you suffer from senile dementia? | Yes |
No | |
32. Did you experience any other oral problems during hospitalization? | Yes |
No |
Appendix B. Statistical Results
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Sinjari, B.; D’Ardes, D.; Santilli, M.; Rexhepi, I.; D’Addazio, G.; Di Carlo, P.; Chiacchiaretta, P.; Caputi, S.; Cipollone, F. SARS-CoV-2 and Oral Manifestation: An Observational, Human Study. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 3218. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103218
Sinjari B, D’Ardes D, Santilli M, Rexhepi I, D’Addazio G, Di Carlo P, Chiacchiaretta P, Caputi S, Cipollone F. SARS-CoV-2 and Oral Manifestation: An Observational, Human Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(10):3218. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103218
Chicago/Turabian StyleSinjari, Bruna, Damiano D’Ardes, Manlio Santilli, Imena Rexhepi, Gianmaria D’Addazio, Piero Di Carlo, Piero Chiacchiaretta, Sergio Caputi, and Francesco Cipollone. 2020. "SARS-CoV-2 and Oral Manifestation: An Observational, Human Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 10: 3218. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103218