Association between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Hypertension in 106,268 Korean Self-Reported Never-Smokers Verified by Cotinine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Blood Pressure (BP) Measurements
2.3. Assessment of Smoking Status
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of SHS Exposure-Related Variables and Hypertension
3.2. Characteristics of the Two Groups According to Absence/Presence of SHS Exposure and Hypertension
3.3. Association Between SHS Exposure and Hypertension in the Overall Population
3.4. Association Between SHS Exposure and BP in Overall Population
3.5. Subgroup Analyses for the Relationship Between SHS Exposure and Hypertension According to Sex
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SHS Exposure (−) n = 83,242 | SHS Exposure (+) n = 23,026 | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 34.5 ± 7.1 | 34.1 ± 7.4 | <0.001 |
Sex (males), n (%) | 24,046/83,242 (28.9) | 8550/23,026 (37.1) | <0.001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.3 ± 3.3 | 22.7 ± 3.5 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference, cm | 77.8 ± 9.4 | 79.2 ± 9.9 | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 104.1 ± 12.0 | 105.4 ± 12.3 | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 66.4 ± 9.0 | 67.4 ± 9.3 | <0.001 |
Serum creatinine, umol/L | 67.6 ± 16.2 | 70.6 ± 16.5 | <0.001 |
Uric acid, umol/L | 287.5 ± 80.4 | 299.3 ± 84.1 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.84 ± 0.84 | 4.86 ± 0.84 | <0.001 |
Triglyceride, mmol/L | 0.84 (0.63, 1.16) | 0.86 (0.63, 1.23) | <0.001 |
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.63 ± 0.40 | 1.60 ± 0.40 | <0.001 |
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.93 ± 0.79 | 2.95 ± 0.80 | 0.004 |
Glucose, mmol/L | 5.07 ± 0.60 | 5.11 ± 0.67 | <0.001 |
hsCRP, mg/L | 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) | 0.001 |
Vigorous exercise, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
none/week | 55,566/82,334 (67.5) | 13,716/22,782 (60.2) | |
<3 times/week | 17,638/82,334 (21.4) | 6082/22,782 (26.7) | |
≥3 times/week | 9130/82,334 (11.1) | 2984/22,782 (13.1) | |
Daily alcohol consumption, gram/day | 3.0 (1.0, 7.0) | 6.0 (2.0, 14.0) | <0.001 |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
none/week | 13,220/79,834 (16.6) | 2492/22,261 (11.2) | |
1–2 times/week | 61,299/79,834 (76.8) | 17,157/22,261 (77.1) | |
3–4 times/week | 4560/79,834 (5.7) | 2265/22,261 (10.2) | |
≥ 5 times/week | 755/79,834 (0.9) | 347/22,261 (1.6) | |
Daily times of SHS exposure, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
None | 83,242/83,242 (100) | 0/13,528 (0) | |
<1 h/day | 0/83,242 (0) | 9216/13,528 (68.1) | |
≥1 h/day | 0/83,242 (0) | 4312/13,528 (31.9) | |
Frequency of SHS exposure, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
None | 83,171/83,171 (100) | 0/22,757 (0) | |
<3 times/wee | 0/83,171 (0) | 14,925/22,757 (65.6) | |
≥3 times/week | 0/83,171 (0) | 7832/22,757 (34.4) | |
Duration of SHS exposure, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
None | 82,923/82,923 (100) | 0/15,777 (0) | |
<10 years | 0/82,923 (0) | 6418/15,777 (40.7) | |
≥10 years | 0/82,923 (0) | 9359/15,777 (59.3) | |
Home SHS before age 20, n (%) | 38,453/83,242 (46.2) | 13,174/23,026 (57.2) | <0.001 |
Home SHS after age 20, n (%) | 19,466/82,756 (23.5) | 10,288/22,844 (45.0) | <0.001 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 4222/83,103 (5.1) | 1533/22,974 (6.7) | <0.001 |
Cases of Hypertension a | Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Interval) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Age-Adjusted | Multivariate | ||
Overall b | |||
SHS exposure (−) | 4222/83,103 (5.1) | 1 | 1 |
SHS exposure (+) c | 1533/22,974 (6.7) | 1.23 (1.16, 1.31) | 1.16 (1.08, 1.24) |
Males | |||
SHS exposure (−) | 2434/24,019 (10.1) | 1 | 1 |
SHS exposure (+) c | 990/8532 (11.6) | 1.20 (1.11, 1.30) | 1.14 (1.05, 1.24) |
Females | |||
SHS exposure (−) | 1788/59,084 (3.0) | 1 | 1 |
SHS exposure (+) c | 543/14,442 (3.8) | 1.25 (1.12, 1.39) | 1.15 (1.02, 1.30) |
Cases of Hypertension a | Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Interval) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Age-and Sex-Adjusted | Multivariate | ||
No current SHS exposure that has been not exposed to home SHS | 1861/38,147 (4.9) | 1 | 1 |
No current SHS exposure that has been exposed to home SHS b | 2340/44,477 (5.3) | 1.13 (1.05, 1.21) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.14) |
Current SHS exposure only at the workplace b | 465/6678 (7.0) | 1.19 (1.07, 1.33) | 1.15 (1.02, 1.29) |
Current SHS exposure that has been exposed to home SHS b | 1057/16,115 (6.6) | 1.37 (1.27, 1.49) | 1.22 (1.11, 1.33) |
Cases of Hypertension a | Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Interval) | |
---|---|---|
Daily time of SHS exposure | ||
None | 4222/83,103 (5.1) | 1 |
<1 h b | 582/9211 (6.3) | 1.32 (1.19, 1.46) |
≥1 h b | 324/4302 (7.5) | 1.19 (1.04, 1.36) |
Daily time of SHS exposure (per 1 h increase) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | |
Frequency of SHS exposure | ||
None | 4213/83,032 (5.1) | 1 |
<3 times/week b | 944/14,891 (6.3) | 1.17 (1.08, 1.27) |
≥3 times/week b | 563/7814 (7.2) | 1.13 (1.02, 1.25) |
Frequency of SHS exposure c (per 1 unit increase) | 1.05 (1.02, 1.07) | |
Duration of SHS exposure | ||
None | 4190/82,786 (5.1) | 1 |
<10 years b | 365/6409 (5.7) | 1.16 (1.02, 1.31) |
≥10 years b | 688/9339 (7.4) | 1.18 (1.07, 1.30) |
Duration of SHS exposure (per 1 year increase) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) d |
Regression Coefficient (95% Confidence Interval) | ||
---|---|---|
Age-Adjusted | Multivariate | |
Overall population (n = 106,268) | ||
Systolic blood pressure | ||
SHS exposure (+) | ||
Overall a | 0.41 (0.26, 0.56) | 0.04 (−0.10, 0.19) |
Males | 0.45 (0.18, 0.71) | 0.08 (−0.17, 0.33) |
Females | 0.39 (0.21, 0.58) | 0.03 (−0.14, 0.22) |
Diastolic blood pressure | ||
SHS exposure (+) | ||
Overall a | 0.39 (0.27, 0.51) | 0.14 (0.02, 0.26) |
Males | 0.38 (0.17, 0.59) | 0.13 (−0.07, 0.34) |
Females | 0.39 (0.25, 0.54) | 0.15 (0.01, 0.30) |
Population excluding those with antihypertensive medication (n = 104,201) | ||
Systolic blood pressure | ||
SHS exposure (+) | ||
Overall a | 0.37 (0.22, 0.52) | 0.02 (−0.12, 0.17) |
Males | 0.48 (0.21, 0.74) | 0.10 (−0.15, 0.35) |
Females | 0.33 (0.15, 0.51) | −0.01 (−0.18, 0.17) |
Diastolic blood pressure | ||
SHS exposure (+) | ||
Overall a | 0.37 (0.25, 0.49) | 0.13 (0.02, 0.25) |
Males | 0.38 (0.16, 0.59) | 0.13 (−0.08, 0.33) |
Females | 0.37 (0.22, 0.51) | 0.14 (−0.01, 0.28) |
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Kim, B.J.; Kang, J.G.; Kim, J.H.; Seo, D.C.; Sung, K.C.; Kim, B.S.; Kang, J.H. Association between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Hypertension in 106,268 Korean Self-Reported Never-Smokers Verified by Cotinine. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1238. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081238
Kim BJ, Kang JG, Kim JH, Seo DC, Sung KC, Kim BS, Kang JH. Association between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Hypertension in 106,268 Korean Self-Reported Never-Smokers Verified by Cotinine. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(8):1238. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081238
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Byung Jin, Jeong Gyu Kang, Ji Hye Kim, Dae Chul Seo, Ki Chul Sung, Bum Soo Kim, and Jin Ho Kang. 2019. "Association between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Hypertension in 106,268 Korean Self-Reported Never-Smokers Verified by Cotinine" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 8: 1238. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081238
APA StyleKim, B. J., Kang, J. G., Kim, J. H., Seo, D. C., Sung, K. C., Kim, B. S., & Kang, J. H. (2019). Association between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Hypertension in 106,268 Korean Self-Reported Never-Smokers Verified by Cotinine. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(8), 1238. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081238