Therapeutic Potential of Lespedeza bicolor to Prevent Methylglyoxal-Induced Glucotoxicity in Familiar Diabetic Nephropathy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Preparation of LB Extract
2.3. Quantitative Study of the Phytochemicals in LB
2.4. Cell Culture
2.5. MTT Assay
2.6. Cell Apoptosis Assay
2.7. Measurement of Intracellular Oxidative Stress
2.8. Western Blotting
2.9. Animal Experiments
2.10. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
2.11. Analysis of Plasma Lipids
2.12. Determination of MGO Levels in the Kidneys
2.13. Evaluation of the Levels of AGEs, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the Kidneys
2.14. Histology and Immunohistochemistry Studies
2.15. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. LB Pretreatment Attenuated MGO-Induced Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, and Oxidative Stress in LLC-PK1 Cells
3.2. LB Pretreatment Upregulated Expression of Glo1 and Nrf2 in MGO-Treated LLC-PK1 Cells
3.3. Blood Glucose Tolerance
3.4. LB Pretreatment Decreased the Levels of Plasma Lipids in MGO-Treated Mice
3.5. LB Pretreatment Reduced MGO in the Kidneys of MGO-Treated Mice
3.6. LB Pretreatment Decreased the Amount of AGEs in the Kidneys
3.7. LB Pretreatment Attenuated the Levels of Inflammatory Cytokines in the MGO-Treated Mice
3.8. LB Pretreatment Upregulated Glo1 and Nrf2 in the Kidneys of MGO-Treated Mice
3.9. Pretreatment with LB Protected MGO-Treated Mice Against Renal Damage
3.10. HPLC Analysis of LB Extract
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
LB | Lespedeza bicolor |
MGO | methylglyoxal |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
AGEs | advanced glycation end-products |
RAGE | receptor for advanced glycation end products |
Glo1 | glyoxalase 1 |
Nrf2 | nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 |
DM | diabetes mellitus |
DN | diabetic nephropathy |
ARE | antioxidant responsive element |
o-PD | o-phenylenediamine |
BSA | bovine serum albumin |
MTT | 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide |
DMSO | dimethyl sulfoxide |
FBS | fetal bovine serum |
DMEM | Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium |
2-MQ | 2-methylquinoxaline |
5-MQ | 5-methylquinoxaline |
BW | body weight |
HPLC | high-performance liquid chromatography |
FACS | fluorescence-activated cell sorting |
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Sample | Concentration (nmol/mg Protein) |
---|---|
Normal | 0.972 ± 0.148 |
MGO (300 mg/kg) | 1.704 ± 0.053 ** |
MGO (300 mg/kg) + LB (10 mg/kg) | 1.680 ± 0.063 |
MGO (300 mg/kg) + LB (100 mg/kg) | 1.152 ± 0.050 ## |
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Do, M.H.; Lee, J.H.; Cho, K.; Kang, M.C.; Subedi, L.; Parveen, A.; Kim, S.Y. Therapeutic Potential of Lespedeza bicolor to Prevent Methylglyoxal-Induced Glucotoxicity in Familiar Diabetic Nephropathy. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1138. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081138
Do MH, Lee JH, Cho K, Kang MC, Subedi L, Parveen A, Kim SY. Therapeutic Potential of Lespedeza bicolor to Prevent Methylglyoxal-Induced Glucotoxicity in Familiar Diabetic Nephropathy. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(8):1138. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081138
Chicago/Turabian StyleDo, Moon Ho, Jae Hyuk Lee, Kyohee Cho, Min Cheol Kang, Lalita Subedi, Amna Parveen, and Sun Yeou Kim. 2019. "Therapeutic Potential of Lespedeza bicolor to Prevent Methylglyoxal-Induced Glucotoxicity in Familiar Diabetic Nephropathy" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 8: 1138. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081138