Association of Low Serum Adiponectin Levels with Aortic Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Participants
2.2. Anthropometric Analysis
2.3. Biochemical Investigations
2.4. Aortic Stiffness According to Carotid–Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Measurements
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgements
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | All Patients (n = 140) | Control Group (n = 86) | Aortic Stiffness Group (n = 54) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 62.69 (58.00–70.75) | 61.55 (56.75–68.00) | 64.52 (58.00–74.25) | 0.086 |
Height (cm) | 161.98 ± 8.33 | 162.52 ± 8.29 | 161.13 ± 8.38 | 0.338 |
Body weight (kg) | 70.02 ± 12.73 | 69.86 ± 12.99 | 70.28 ± 12.41 | 0.848 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 90.25 ± 8.96 | 89.51 ± 9.05 | 91.44 ± 8.78 | 0.218 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.59 ± 3.76 | 26.35 ± 3.75 | 26.97 ± 3.77 | 0.344 |
Body fat mass (%) | 30.94 ± 7.64 | 29.90 ± 7.60 | 32.60 ± 7.48 | 0.041 * |
cfPWV (m/s) | 9.73 ± 2.64 | 8.13 ± 1.38 | 12.28 ± 2.13 | <0.001 * |
SBP (mmHg) | 140.49 ± 18.89 | 136.40 ± 17.01 | 147.00 ± 20.04 | 0.001 * |
DBP (mmHg) | 82.03 ± 10.59 | 80.21 ± 9.36 | 84.93 ± 11.81 | 0.010 * |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 160.84 ± 30.15 | 161.33 ± 27.31 | 160.06 ± 34.44 | 0.809 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 135.59 (83.25–170.50) | 129.24 (72.00–153.50) | 145.70 (94.75–189.50) | 0.026 * |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 47.11 ± 13.04 | 48.58 ± 12.30 | 44.78 ± 13.93 | 0.093 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 98.06 ± 25.87 | 98.26 ± 24.12 | 97.74 ± 28.66 | 0.909 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 152.99 (121.00–175.00) | 149.73 (118.75–172.25) | 158.17 (121.00–183.50) | 0.401 |
Glycated hemoglobin (%) | 7.80 (6.60–8.78) | 7.76 (6.50–8.80) | 7.87 (6.60–8.78) | 0.447 |
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 17.21 (12.00–19.00) | 16.65 (12.00–18.00) | 18.11 (13.75–20.25) | 0.142 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.91 (0.70–1.00) | 0.87 (0.70–1.00) | 0.97 (0.80–1.20) | 0.093 |
eGFR (mL/min) | 87.22 ± 26.90 | 91.87 ± 27.15 | 79.82 ± 24.99 | 0.009 * |
UACR (mg/g) | 14.34 (7.20–53.99) | 11.50 (7.10–31.10) | 25.23 (8.44–164.55) | 0.030 * |
Total calcium (mg/dL) | 9.07 ± 0.44 | 9.10 ± 0.45 | 9.05 ± 0.39 | 0.468 |
Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.60 ± 0.49 | 3.54 ± 0.48 | 3.69 ± 0.51 | 0.071 |
Insulin (uIU/mL) | 10.11 (3.54–12.03) | 9.21 (2.92–10.83) | 11.54 (4.46–15.04) | 0.040 * |
HOMA-IR | 2.22 (1.10–4.21) | 2.03 (0.89–3.63) | 2.65 (1.48–5.55) | 0.029 * |
Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 28.92 (23.41–36.56) | 31.30 (24.96–40.38) | 20.01 (20.47–33.23) | 0.001 * |
Male, n (%) | 58 (41.4) | 33 (38.4) | 25 (46.3) | 0.354 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 76 (54.3) | 46 (53.5) | 30 (55.6) | 0.811 |
ACE inhibitor use, n (%) | 9 (6.4) | 6 (7.0) | 3 (5.6) | 0.739 |
ARB use, n (%) | 54 (38.6) | 30 (34.9) | 24 (44.4) | 0.258 |
β-blocker use, n (%) | 20 (14.3) | 10 (11.6) | 10 (18.5) | 0.257 |
CCB use, n (%) | 44 (31.4) | 27 (31.4) | 17 (31.5) | 0.991 |
Statin use, n (%) | 66 (47.1) | 41 (47.7) | 25 (46.3) | 0.874 |
Fibrate use, n (%) | 8 (5.7) | 5 (5.8) | 3 (5.6) | 0.949 |
Metformin use, n (%) | 76 (54.3) | 48 (55.8) | 28 (51.9) | 0.647 |
Sulfonylureas use, n (%) | 77 (55.0) | 46 (53.5) | 31 (57.4) | 0.650 |
DDP-4 inhibitor use, n (%) | 87 (62.1) | 55 (64.0) | 32 (59.3) | 0.577 |
Insulin use, n (%) | 38 (27.1) | 23 (26.7) | 15 (27.8) | 0.894 |
Variables | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 0.922 | 0.876–0.970 | 0.002 * |
Age (years) | 1.022 | 0.9782–1.067 | 0.339 |
Body fat mass (%) | 1.030 | 0.976–1.086 | 0.279 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 1.018 | 0.985–1.052 | 0.288 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 1.003 | 0.947–1.063 | 0.912 |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min) | 0.990 | 0.972–1.010 | 0.324 |
Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (mg/g) | 1.000 | 1.000–1.001 | 0.2212 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 0.999 | 0.993–1.005 | 0.716 |
Insulin (uIU/mL) | 0.946 | 0.854–1.048 | 0.290 |
HOMA-IR | 1.095 | 0.877–1.367 | 0.424 |
Variables | Carotid–femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (m/s) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simple Linear Regression | Multivariable Linear Regression | ||||
r | p Value | Beta | Adjusted R2 Change | p Value | |
Female | 0.043 | 0.615 | - | - | - |
Hypertension | 0.151 | 0.075 | - | - | - |
Log-Age (years) | 0.230 | 0.006 * | 0.220 | 0.040 | 0.005 * |
Height (cm) | −0.070 | 0.412 | - | - | - |
Body weight (kg) | 0.067 | 0.433 | - | - | - |
Waist circumference (cm) | 0.218 | 0.010 * | - | - | - |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.139 | 0.101 | - | - | - |
Body fat mass (%) | 0.236 | 0.005 * | - | - | - |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.339 | <0.001 * | 0.254 | 0.109 | 0.002 * |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.276 | 0.001 * | - | - | - |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | −0.029 | 0.733 | - | - | - |
Log-Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 0.249 | 0.003 * | - | - | - |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | −0.124 | 0.145 | - | - | - |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | −0.083 | 0.327 | - | - | - |
Log-Glucose (mg/dL) | 0.084 | 0.322 | - | - | - |
Log-Glycated hemoglobin (%) | 0.071 | 0.402 | - | - | - |
Log-BUN (mg/dL) | 0.126 | 0.139 | - | - | - |
Log-Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.204 | 0.016 * | - | - | - |
eGFR (mL/min) | −0.263 | 0.002 * | - | - | - |
Log-UACR (mg/g) | 0.186 | 0.028 * | - | - | - |
Total calcium (mg/dL) | −0.085 | 0.322 | - | - | - |
Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 0.026 | 0.763 | - | - | - |
Log-Insulin (uIU/mL) | 0.212 | 0.012 * | - | - | - |
Log-HOMA-IR | 0.217 | 0.010 * | - | - | - |
Log-Adiponectin (μg/mL) | −0.296 | <0.001 * | −0.283 | 0.054 | <0.001 * |
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Shih, C.-H.; Hsu, B.-G.; Hou, J.-S.; Wu, D.-A.; Subeq, Y.-M. Association of Low Serum Adiponectin Levels with Aortic Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 887. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8060887
Shih C-H, Hsu B-G, Hou J-S, Wu D-A, Subeq Y-M. Association of Low Serum Adiponectin Levels with Aortic Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(6):887. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8060887
Chicago/Turabian StyleShih, Cian-Huei, Bang-Gee Hsu, Jia-Sian Hou, Du-An Wu, and Yi-Maun Subeq. 2019. "Association of Low Serum Adiponectin Levels with Aortic Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 6: 887. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8060887