The Impact of Cytokines on the Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cytokines
3.2. Multiple Regression Model
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic and Clinical Characteristics at the Time of Study | SLE Patients (n = 52) | |
---|---|---|
Median (f) | n (%) | |
Age (years) | 46.8 (35.4, 60.2) | |
Time since diagnosis (years) | 10 (5.3, 18.3) | |
Female | 45 (86.5) | |
Schooling (years) | 12 (10.0, 15.0) | |
Required social security | 47 (90.4) | |
Body mass index (BMI) | 24.2 (21.8, 27.8) | |
Smoker | 36 (69.2) | |
Number of cigarettes daily | 8 (5, 10) | |
Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 130 (119, 142) | |
Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 80 (66, 85) | |
Comorbidities | ||
Cardiovascular events | 18 (34.6) | |
Stroke | 6 (11.5) | |
Hypertension | 20 (38.5) | |
Mental Health Problems | 10 (19.2) | |
Gastrointestinal conditions | 13 (25.0) | |
Thyroid dysfunction | 5 (9.6) | |
Medication | ||
Prednisone daily | 28 (53.4) | |
Prednisone dose (mg/day) | 6.3 (5.0, 10.0) | |
Hydroxychloroquine | 36 (69.2) | |
Immunosuppressants | 31 (59.6) | |
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) | 11 (21.2) | |
Anticoagulants | 27 (51.9) | |
Anti-hypertensives | 24 (46.2) | |
Statins | 8 (15.4) | |
Anti-resorptives | 9 (17.3) | |
Mood stabilising drugs | 9 (17.3) | |
Analgesics | 7 (13.5) | |
Fish oil | 4 (7.8) | |
Serology | ||
Anti-dsDNA positive | 20 (39.2) | |
Hypocomplementemia | 12 (23.1) | |
HbA1c (%) | 5.7 (5.5, 6.0) | |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.8 (12.0, 13.9) | |
White Blood Cells (109/L) | 6.2 (4.3, 7.4) | |
Lymphocytes (mm3) | 1 (1.0, 2.0) | |
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (mm/h) | 18.5 (11.5, 34.0) | |
High sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (mg/L) | 2.9 (0.7, 8.5) | |
Creatinine (mmol/L) | 71 (45, 92) | |
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index—2000 (SLEDAI-2K) score | 7 (4, 10) | |
Patient visual analogue scale (VAS) | 3 (2, 5) | |
Physicians VAS | 2 (1, 4) | |
Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics—Damage Index (SDI) > 0 | 33 (63.5) | |
Median SDI | 2 (1, 4) |
Norwegian Female, 2015 (n = 1149) (A) | Overall SLE (n = 52) (B) | SLEDAI-2K ≤ 4 (n = 18) (C) | SLEDAI-2K > 4 (n = 34) (D) | Independent t-Test A vs. B | Independent t-Test C vs. D | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical Functioning | 84.9 ± 21.0 | 66.35 ± 24.50 | 72.78 ± 21.09 | 62.94 ± 25.76 | <0.001 | 0.171 |
Role-physical | 72.6 ± 39.6 | 27.88 ± 36.60 | 27.78 ± 40.12 | 27.94 ± 35.23 | <0.001 | 0.988 |
Bodily Pain | 66.9 ± 26.5 | 53.74 ± 27.38 | 56.44 ± 27.19 | 52.31 ± 27.79 | <0.001 | 0.609 |
General Health | 72.6 ± 22.5 | 44.56 ± 23.53 | 49.72 ± 24.17 | 41.82 ± 23.07 | <0.001 | 0.253 |
Vitality | 57.2 ± 20.6 | 38.94 ± 24.80 | 39.44 ± 25.26 | 38.68 ± 24.93 | <0.001 | 0.917 |
Social Functioning | 85.7 ± 21.6 | 62.98 ± 27.11 | 69.44 ± 26.16 | 59.56 ± 27.36 | <0.001 | 0.214 |
Role-emotional | 87.4 ± 28.6 | 66.67 ± 41.22 | 74.07 ± 42.09 | 62.75 ± 40.84 | <0.001 | 0.351 |
Mental Health | 79.9 ± 14.8 | 76.00 ± 15.68 | 81.33 ± 13.23 | 73.18 ± 16.32 | 0.061 | 0.074 |
Physical Summary | 48.13 ± 21.83 | 51.68 ± 22.00 | 46.25 ± 21.83 | - | 0.399 | |
Mental Summary | 61.15 ± 19.39 | 66.07 ± 19.74 | 58.54 ± 18.98 | - | 0.185 |
Cytokine | Physical Domains | Mental Health Domains | PCS | MCS | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PF | RP | BP | GH | VT | SF | RE | MH | ||||
BAFF | Rs/ES | −0.17/ NS | −0.24/NS | −0.13/NS | −0.27/NS | 0.07/NS | −0.12/NS | 0.23/0.091 * | 0.18/NS | −0.23/NS | 0.16/NS |
IFN-γ | Rs/ES | 0.31 */0.04 * | 0.31 */NS | 0.24/NS | 0.17/NS | 0.09/NS | 0.16/NS | 0.09/NS | −0.16/NS | 0.33 */NS | 0.10/NS |
IL-1β | Rs/ES | 0.34 */NS | 0.30 */NS | 0.19/NS | 0.13/NS | 0.16/NS | 0.24/NS | 0.28 */NS | −0.05/NS | 0.33 */NS | 0.27/NS |
IL-4 | Rs/ES | 0.10/NS | 0.28 */NS | 0.16/NS | 0.10/NS | 0.22/NS | 0.12/NS | 0.17/NS | −0.10/NS | 0.24/NS | 0.20/NS |
IL-6 | Rs/ES | 0.14/NS | 0.13/NS | 0.18 | 0.12/NS | 0.07/NS | 0.15/NS | 0.06/NS | −0.05/NS | 0.17/NS | 0.11/NS |
IL-10 | Rs/ES | 0.02/NS | 0.21/NS | −0.01/NS | 0.12/NS | 0.07/NS | 0.11/NS | 0.23/NS | 0.07/NS | 0.13/NS | 0.23/NS |
IL-12 | Rs/ES | 0.30 */0.07 * | 0.31 */NS | 0.26/NS | 0.37 **/NS | 0.22/NS | 0.30 */NS | 0.25/NS | 0.12/NS | 0.38 */NS | 0.33 */NS |
MCP-1 | Rs/ES | 0.15/NS | 0.30 */NS | 0.25/NS | 0.19/NS | 0.34 */0.064 * | 0.19/NS | 0.18/NS | 0.25/0.034 * | 0.32 */NS | 0.34 */0.05 * |
MIP-1α | Rs/ES | 0.02/NS | 0.06/NS | 0.20/NS | 0.12/NS | −0.05/NS | 0.14/NS | −0.07/NS | −0.11/NS | 0.13/NS | −0.06/NS |
MIP-1β | Rs/ES | 0.10/NS | 0.06/NS | 0.15/NS | 0.17/NS | 0.32 */NS | 0.26/NS | 0.25/0.077 * | 0.29 */NS | 0.15/NS | 0.35 */0.040 * |
TNF-α | Rs/ES | 0.27/NS | 0.50 **/NS | 0.01/NS | 0.32 */NS | 0.00/NS | 0.15/NS | 0.20/NS | −0.07/NS | 0.32 */NS | 0.16/NS |
TGF-β1 | Rs/ES | 0.05/NS | 0.14/0.04 * | 0.08/NS | 0.04/NS | 0.07/NS | 0.07/NS | 0.11/NS | 0.20/NS | 0.11/NS | 0.11/NS |
Physical Scales | Mental Health Scales | PCS | MCS | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PF | RP | BP | GH | VT | SF | RE | MH | |||
Age | −0.39 (−0.73, −0.05) | −0.82 (−1.43, −0.20) | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Pat. VAS (1–10) | −3.36 (−5.20, −1.53) | NS | −6.29 (−8.86, −3.72) | −4.99 (−7.28, −2.70) | −3.72 (−6.34, −1.09) | −4.83 (−6.96, −2.70) | NS | −3.10 (−5.76, −0.43) | −4.09 (−5.78, −2.40) | −2.84 (−4.79, −0.89) |
Number of Cigarettes per day | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | −1.58 (−2.81, −0.35) | NS | NS |
Alopecia | NS | −20.52 (−38.88, −2.15) | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | −14.89 (−23.35, −6.44) | NS |
Malar Rash | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | −18.95 (−30.20, −7.70) | NS | NS | NS | −14.86 (−24.50, −5.22) |
SDI > 0 | −13.60 (−23.19, −4.01) | NS | NS | NS | NS | −14.63 (−25.15, −4.12) | NS | NS | NS | NS |
NP damage | −15.71 (−27.68, −3.73) | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Prednisone. (mg/d) | −1.77 (−2.71, −0.825) | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
IS drugs | NS | NS | NS | −17.15 (−28.13, −6.16) | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Analgesics | NS | NS | −22.67 (−40.70, −4.65) | NS | NS | −22.90 (−38.44, −7.36) | NS | NS | −19.38 (−31.00, −7.76) | NS |
HbA1c | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | −6.28 (−11.37, −1.19) | NS | NS |
C3 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | 37.24 (13.22, 61.27) | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Thrombocytes | NS | −0.22 (−0.34, −0.10) | NS | NS | −0.10 (−0.18, −0.01) | NS | NS | NS | −0.09 (−0.14, −0.03) | NS |
TGF-β1 | NS | 0.06 (0.02, 0.09) | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
IFN-γ | 0.071 (0.024, 0.118) | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
IL-12 | −0.112 (−0.222, −0.002) | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
MCP-1 | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.06 (0.01, 0.11) | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.04 (0.01, 0.08) |
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Raymond, W.D.; Eilertsen, G.Ø.; Shanmugakumar, S.; Nossent, J.C. The Impact of Cytokines on the Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 857. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8060857
Raymond WD, Eilertsen GØ, Shanmugakumar S, Nossent JC. The Impact of Cytokines on the Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(6):857. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8060857
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaymond, Warren David, Gro Østli Eilertsen, Sharanyaa Shanmugakumar, and Johannes Cornelis Nossent. 2019. "The Impact of Cytokines on the Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 6: 857. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8060857
APA StyleRaymond, W. D., Eilertsen, G. Ø., Shanmugakumar, S., & Nossent, J. C. (2019). The Impact of Cytokines on the Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(6), 857. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8060857