Does Herpes Zoster Increase the Risk of Stroke and Myocardial Infarction? A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Studies Investigating the Association Between HZ and CVD or Cerebrovascular Disease
3. Herpes Zoster and Risk of Stroke or Myocardial Infarction
4. Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus and Risk of Stroke
5. Post-Herpes Zoster Length of Follow-Up and Age Stratification with Associated Risk of CVD
6. Varicella Zoster Virus Vasculopathy and Other Potential Mechanisms of Herpes Zoster, Such as CVD Risks
7. Limitations of Current Observational Studies
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | Year | Country | Study Design | Study Period | Age (y) | Follow-up (y) | Sample Size | Controlled Factors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kang et al. | 2009 | Taiwan | Retrospective matched cohort (age and sex matched) | 1997–2001 | ≧18 (mean:46.7) | 1 | 31,040 | Age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia, renal disease, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, heart valve/myocardium disease, carotid/peripheral vascular disease, monthly income, urbanization level, and geographical region |
Sreenivasan et al. | 2013 | Denmark | Retrospective cohort | 1995–2008 | ≧18 | 13 | 4,620,980 | Age, sex, calendar period, acute MI, atrial fibrillation, education, cancer, medications (antihypertensives, drugs used to treat dyslipidemia and atrial fibrillation, and immunosuppressive drugs) |
Breuer et al. | 2014 | UK | Retrospective matched cohort (age and sex matched) | 2002–2010 | ≧18 (mean:57.8) | 23.7 (median:6.3) | 319,803 | Age, sex, obesity, smoking, high cholesterol recording, hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation, intermittent arterial claudication, carotid stenosis, and valvular heart disease |
Langan et al. | 2014 | UK | Self-controlled case series | 1987–2012 | ≧18 (median:77) | 25 (median:12.5) | 6584 | Confounders are implicitly controlled for due to the study design |
Sundström et al. | 2015 | Sweden | Retrospective cohort | 2008–2010 | ≧0 | 1 | 1.5 million | Age and sex |
Minassian et al. | 2015 | USA | Self-controlled case series | 2006–2011 | ≧65 (median:81.1) | 5 (median) | 42,954 | Confounders are implicitly controlled for due to the study design |
Kwon et al. | 2016 | Korea | Retrospective matched cohort (age matched) | 2003–2013 | ≧18 (mean:41.4) | 11 | 766,179 | Age, male gender, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, ischemic heart disease, diabetes, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, arterial fibrillation or atrial flutter, renal disease, and valvular heart disease |
Yawn et al. | 2016 | USA | Retrospective matched cohort (age and sex matched) | 1986–2011 | ≧50 (mean:68.2) | 28.6 (mean:7.1) | 24,295 | Age, sex, hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease (including MI), arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, diabetes, depression, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, vasculopathies, stroke, and anxiety |
Schink et al. | 2016 | Germany | Self-controlled case series | 2004–2011 | ≧0 (mean:71.3) | 1 | 124,462 | Confounders are implicitly controlled for due to the study design |
Hosamirudsari et al. | 2018 | Iran | Case-control | 2015–2017 | 66.99 (mean) | 0.5 | 210 | Age, sex, and hypertension |
Kim et al. | 2018 | Korea | Retrospective propensity-matched cohort | 2003–2013 | Not reported | 11 | 519,880 | Age, sex, body mass index, obesity, smoking, drinking, exercise, economic class, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, angina pectoris, transient ischemic attack, heart failure, atrial fibrillation/flutter, valvular heart disease, chronic renal disease, carotid stenosis, peripheral vascular disease, chronic liver disease, rheumatoid disease, inflammatory bowel disease, malignancy, transplantation, HIV, and depression |
Seo et al. | 2018 | Korea | Retrospective matched cohort (age and sex matched) | 2006–2013 | ≧40 (mean:63.1 in hospitalized cases and 58 in non-hospitalized cases | 8 | 104,191 | Age, sex, income, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia |
Author | Year | Country | Study Design | Study Period | Age (y) | Follow-up (y) | Sample Size | Controlled Factors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wang et al. | 2014 | Taiwan | Retrospective matched cohort | 1999–2010 | ≧0 | 12 | 289,790 | Age, sex, urbanization, monthly income, occupation, frequency of medical visits, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, cerebral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal function, cancer, and medication |
Breuer et al. | 2014 | UK | Retrospective matched cohort | 2002–2010 | ≧18 (mean:57.8) | 24 (median:6.3) | 319,803 | Age, sex, obesity, smoking, high cholesterol recording, hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation, intermittent arterial claudication, carotid stenosis, and valvular heart disease |
Wu et al. | 2015 | Taiwan | Retrospective matched cohort | 1998–2010 | ≧20 (mean:46.4) | 10 | 97,415 | Age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia |
Minassian et al. | 2015 | USA | Self-controlled case series | 2006–2011 | ≧65 (median:80.3) | 5 (median) | 24,237 | Confounders are implicitly controlled for due to the study design |
Yawn et al. | 2016 | USA | Retrospective matched cohort (age and sex matched) | 1986–2011 | ≧50 (mean:68.2) | 28 (mean:7) | 24,295 | Age, sex, hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease (including MI), arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, diabetes, depression, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, vasculopathies, stroke, and anxiety |
Kim et al. | 2018 | Korea | Retrospective propensity-matched cohort | 2003–2013 | Not reported | 11 | 519,880 | Age, sex, body mass index, obesity, smoking, drinking, exercise, economic class, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, angina pectoris, transient ischemic attack, heart failure, atrial fibrillation/flutter, valvular heart disease, chronic renal disease, carotid stenosis, peripheral vascular disease, chronic liver disease, rheumatoid disease, inflammatory bowel disease, malignancy, transplantation, HIV, and depression |
Seo et al. | 2018 | Korea | Retrospective case–control study (age and sex matched) | 2006–2013 | ≧40 (mean:63.1 in hospitalized cases and 58 in non-hospitalized cases | 8 | 104,191 | Age, sex, income, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia |
Author | Year | Country | Study Design | Study Period | Age (y) | Follow-up (y) | Sample Size | Endpoints | Confounders (Adjusted for) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kang et al. | 2009 | Taiwan | Retrospective matched cohort (age and sex matched) | 1997–2001 | ≧18 (mean:46.7) | 1 | 31,040 | Stroke | Age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia, renal disease, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, heart valve/myocardium disease, carotid/peripheral vascular disease, monthly income, urbanization level, and geographical region |
Lin et al. | 2010 | Taiwan | Retrospective matched cohort (age and sex matched) | 2003–2005 | ≧18 (mean:56.9) | 1 | 2632 | Stroke/TIA | Age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, chronic rheumatic heart disease, other forms of heart disease, and medication habits |
Minassian et al. | 2015 | USA | Self-controlled case series | 2006–2011 | 80 (median) | 6 (median:5) | 6971 | Stroke | Confounders are implicitly controlled for due to the study design |
3946 | MI | Confounders are implicitly controlled for due to the study design | |||||||
Breuer et al. | 2014 | UK | Cohort | 2002–2010 | ≧18 (mean:57.8) | 24 (median:6.3) | 2324 | Stroke | Age, sex, obesity, smoking, high cholesterol recording, hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation, intermittent arterial claudication, carotid stenosis, and valvular heart disease |
Langan et al. | 2014 | UK | Self-controlled case series | 1987–2012 | ≧0 (median:77) | 25 (median:12.5) | 6584 | Stroke | Confounders are implicitly controlled for due to the study design |
Schink et al. | 2016 | Germany | Self-controlled case series | 2004–2011 | ≧ 0 | 1 | 124,462 | Stroke | Confounders are implicitly controlled for due to the study design |
Study | Year | Herpes Zoster Type | Enrolled Papers | Endpoints | Relative Risk (95% CI) | Model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yang et at. | 2017 | All herpes zoster | 6 | Stroke/TIA | 1.36 (1.10–1.67) | Random effect |
Herpes zoster ophthalmicus | 3 | Stroke/TIA | 2.62 (0.85–8.06) | Random effect | ||
Zhang et al. | 2017 | All herpes zoster | 5 | Stroke/TIA | 1.30 (1.17–1.46) | Random effect |
All herpes zoster | 6 | MI | 1.18 (1.07–1.30) | Random effect | ||
Herpes zoster ophthalmicus | 8 | Stroke/TIA | 1.91 (1.32–2.76) | Random effect |
# Time | Langan et al. | Schink et al. | Minassian et al. | Minassian et al. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stroke/TIA | Stroke/TIA | Stroke/TIA | Myocardial Infarction | |
1 week | 2.37 (2.17–2.59) * | 1.68 (1.47–1.92) * | ||
2 weeks | 1.30 (1.00–1.68) * | |||
3–4 weeks | 1.63 (1.32–2.02) * | 1.52 (1.20–1.91 ) * | 1.55 (1.46–1.66) * | 1.25 (1.14–1.37) * |
5–12 weeks | 1.42 (1.21–1.68) * | 1.24 (1.08–1.42) * | 1.17 (1.11–1.22) * | 1.07 (1.00–1.14) * |
13–26 weeks | 1.23 (1.07–1.42) * | 1.09 (0.97–1.24) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 1.02 (0.96–1.07) |
27–52 weeks | 0.99 (0.88–1.12) | 0.96 (0.87–1.06) | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) |
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Wu, P.-H.; Chuang, Y.-S.; Lin, Y.-T. Does Herpes Zoster Increase the Risk of Stroke and Myocardial Infarction? A Comprehensive Review. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 547. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8040547
Wu P-H, Chuang Y-S, Lin Y-T. Does Herpes Zoster Increase the Risk of Stroke and Myocardial Infarction? A Comprehensive Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(4):547. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8040547
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Ping-Hsun, Yun-Shiuan Chuang, and Yi-Ting Lin. 2019. "Does Herpes Zoster Increase the Risk of Stroke and Myocardial Infarction? A Comprehensive Review" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 4: 547. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8040547
APA StyleWu, P.-H., Chuang, Y.-S., & Lin, Y.-T. (2019). Does Herpes Zoster Increase the Risk of Stroke and Myocardial Infarction? A Comprehensive Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(4), 547. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8040547