Familial Aggregation of Psoriasis and Co-Aggregation of Autoimmune Diseases in Affected Families
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Data Source
2.2. Genealogy Reconstruction
2.3. Case Definition of Psoriasis and Ascertainment of Other Autoimmune Diseases
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of Psoriasis in Individuals with Affected First-Degree and Second-Degree Family Members versus the General Population
3.2. Relative Risks for Psoriasis in Individuals with Affected First-Degree and Second-Degree Relatives
3.3. Familial Transmission and Heritability of Psoriasis
3.4. Co-Aggregation of Other Autoimmune Diseases
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Women | Men | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | With Affected FDR | General Population | p-Value | With Affected FDR | General Population | p-Value |
No. | 69,146 | 11,651,851 | 71,500 | 11,322,921 | ||
Age, mean (SD), y | 34.6 (18.7) | 38.1 (20.6) | <0.0001 | 34.7 (18.4) | 37.5 (20.8) | <0.0001 |
Psoriasis, no. (%) | 971 (1.40) | 25,869 (0.22) | 1227 (1.72) | 43,959 (0.39) | ||
Place of residence, no. (%) | ||||||
Urban | 22,713 (32.85) | 3,612,878 (31.01) | <0.0001 | 21,774 (30.45) | 3,252,550 (28.73) | <0.0001 |
Suburban | 20,195 (29.21) | 3,335,036 (28.62) | 20,962 (29.32) | 3,191,129 (28.18) | ||
Rural | 26,238 (37.95) | 4,703,766 (40.37) | 28,763 (40.23) | 4,879,055 (43.09) | ||
Income levels, no. (%) | ||||||
Quintile 1 | 10,495 (15.18) | 1,915,419 (16.44) | <0.0001 | 11,644 (16.29) | 2,0616,15 (18.21) | <0.0001 |
Quintile 2 | 11,059 (15.99) | 1,839,396 (15.79) | 9880 (13.82) | 1,492,191 (13.18) | ||
Quintile 3 | 17,034 (24.63) | 3,252,344 (27.91) | 18,831 (26.34) | 3,218,505 (28.42) | ||
Quintile 4 | 15,384 (22.25) | 2,297,299 (19.72) | 16,380 (22.91) | 2,326,478 (20.55) | ||
Quintile 5 | 15,128 (21.88) | 2,3387,21 (20.07) | 14,733 (20.61) | 2,217,347 (19.58) | ||
Occupation, no. (%) | ||||||
Dependents of the insured individuals | 27,246 (39.4) | 4,529,265 (38.87) | <0.0001 | 24,591 (34.39) | 3,781,887 (33.4) | <0.0001 |
Civil servants, teachers, military personnel, and veterans | 2707 (3.910) | 414,522 (3.56) | 3256 (4.55) | 604,575 (5.34) | ||
Nonmanual workers and professionals | 21,502 (31.10) | 3,096,472 (26.57) | 24198 (33.84) | 3,382,170 (29.87) | ||
Manual workers | 12,348 (17.86) | 2,699,172 (23.17) | 12,308 (17.21) | 2,347,070 (20.73) | ||
Other | 5343 (7.73) | 912,420 (7.83) | 7147 (10.00) | 1,207,219 (10.66) |
Type of Affected Relative | Gender of Affected Relative | Gender of Individual | No. of Cases | Relative Risks (95% Confidence Interval) 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Any | Male | Male | 765 | 4.81 (4.37–5.29) |
Female | 555 | 5.86 (5.39–6.37) | ||
All | 1320 | 5.20 (4.86–5.56) | ||
Female | Male | 523 | 5.41 (4.95–5.90) | |
Female | 459 | 8.55 (7.54–9.70) | ||
All | 982 | 6.55 (6.06–7.07) | ||
All | Male | 1227 | 4.84 (4.53–5.18) | |
Female | 971 | 6.61 (6.14–7.12) | ||
All | 2198 | 5.50 (5.19–5.82) | ||
Parent | Male | Male | 295 | 4.19 (3.74–4.71) |
Female | 183 | 4.59 (3.98–5.31) | ||
All | 478 | 4.33 (3.95–4.75) | ||
Female | Male | 235 | 5.76 (5.05–6.57) | |
Female | 175 | 8.69 (7.49–10.09) | ||
All | 410 | 6.75 (6.10–7.47) | ||
All | Male | 510 | 4.62 (4.23–5.04) | |
Female | 349 | 5.85 (5.27–6.49) | ||
All | 859 | 5.05 (4.72–5.41) | ||
Offspring | Male | Male | 268 | 4.35 (3.87–4.90) |
Female | 237 | 6.26 (5.52–7.11) | ||
All | 505 | 5.08 (4.65–5.55) | ||
Female | Male | 161 | 4.19 (3.60–4.88) | |
Female | 170 | 8.14 (7.01–9.45) | ||
All | 331 | 5.61 (5.04–6.25) | ||
All | Male | 418 | 4.21 (3.83–4.62) | |
Female | 396 | 6.79 (6.15–7.49) | ||
All | 814 | 5.16 (4.81–5.54) | ||
Sibling | Male | Male | 203 | 7.43 (6.16–8.96) |
Female | 146 | 8.35 (7.09–9.82) | ||
All | 349 | 7.83 (6.88–8.91) | ||
Female | Male | 139 | 7.74 (6.55–9.15) | |
Female | 111 | 8.8 (6.82–11.36) | ||
All | 250 | 8.19 (7.06–9.50) | ||
All | Male | 336 | 7.45 (6.54–8.49) | |
Female | 251 | 8.38 (7.26–9.68) | ||
All | 587 | 7.85 (7.02–8.77) | ||
Twin | Male | Male | 18 | 57.63 (33.87–98.08) |
Female | 1 | 45.7 (7.00–298.5) | ||
All | 19 | 52.3 (31.37–87.2) | ||
Female | Male | N/A | N/A | |
Female | 15 | 91.95 (48.49–174.38) | ||
All | 15 | 85.83 (44.27–166.42) | ||
All | Male | 18 | 51.77 (30.22–88.69) | |
Female | 16 | 86.61 (46.94–159.83) | ||
All | 34 | 63.19 (42.02–95.05) | ||
Spouse | Female | Male | 252 | 3.80 (3.36–4.29) |
Male | Female | 263 | 3.62 (3.21–4.08) | |
All | All | 515 | 3.63 (3.24–4.07) |
Type of Affected relative | Gender of Affected relative | Gender of Individual | No. of Cases | Relative Risks (95% Confidence Interval) 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Any | Male | Male | 42 | 1.80 (1.21–2.70) |
Female | 42 | 2.40 (1.78–3.24) | ||
All | 84 | 2.05 (1.58–2.66) | ||
Female | Male | 48 | 2.94 (2.18–3.95) | |
Female | 51 | 4.06 (2.80–5.90) | ||
All | 99 | 3.42 (2.67–4.38) | ||
All | Male | 86 | 2.19 (1.70–2.82) | |
Female | 90 | 3.03 (2.36–3.89) | ||
All | 176 | 2.54 (2.08–3.12) | ||
Aunt/uncle | Male | Male | 10 | 1.97 (1.07–3.66) |
Female | 7 | 1.79 (0.85–3.74) | ||
All | 17 | 1.89 (1.18–3.03) | ||
Female | Male | 1 | 0.62 (0.09–4.36) | |
Female | 8 | 6.25 (2.91–13.43) | ||
All | 9 | 3.10 (1.51–6.36) | ||
All | Male | 11 | 1.65 (0.92–2.97) | |
Female | 15 | 2.89 (1.69–4.94) | ||
All | 26 | 2.19 (1.47–3.25) | ||
Niece/nephew | Male | Male | 11 | 2.22 (1.23–3.99) |
Female | 1 | 0.71 (0.10–5.05) | ||
All | 12 | 1.91 (1.09–3.35) | ||
Female | Male | 8 | 2.29 (1.15–4.56) | |
Female | 8 | 7.96 (4.02–15.77) | ||
All | 16 | 3.61 (2.16–6.05) | ||
All | Male | 19 | 2.26 (1.45–3.54) | |
Female | 9 | 3.79 (1.99–7.23) | ||
All | 28 | 2.63 (1.80–3.85) | ||
Grandparent | Male | Male | 12 | 1.45 (0.83–2.55) |
Female | 14 | 2.07 (1.23–3.48) | ||
All | 26 | 1.72 (1.16–2.56) | ||
Female | Male | 28 | 3.76 (2.51–5.62) | |
Female | 19 | 3.15 (2.01–4.93) | ||
All | 47 | 3.48 (2.55–4.75) | ||
All | Male | 37 | 2.37 (1.68–3.34) | |
Female | 32 | 2.52 (1.79–3.56) | ||
All | 69 | 2.43 (1.90–3.12) | ||
Grandchildren | Male | Male | 9 | 1.77 (0.93–3.39) |
Female | 20 | 3.64 (2.36–5.62) | ||
All | 29 | 2.72 (1.85–4.00) | ||
Female | Male | 11 | 2.89 (1.61–5.17) | |
Female | 16 | 3.75 (2.31–6.10) | ||
All | 27 | 3.31 (2.26–4.86) | ||
All | Male | 19 | 2.16 (1.38–3.37) | |
Female | 34 | 3.52 (2.52–4.92) | ||
All | 53 | 2.85 (2.17–3.75) |
Autoimmune Diseases | Gender of Individual | With Affected Relatives | General Population | Relative Risk (95% Confidence Interval) 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Cases | Prevalence (%) | No. of Cases | Prevalence (%) | |||
>With affected first-degree relatives with psoriasis | ||||||
Rheumatoid arthritis | Male | 62 | 0.09 | 7739 | 0.07 | 1.50 (1.17–1.92) |
Female | 175 | 0.25 | 29273 | 0.25 | 1.27 (1.10–1.47) | |
All | 237 | 0.17 | 37,012 | 0.16 | 1.32 (1.16–1.50) | |
Sjögren’s syndrome | Male | 8 | 0.01 | 1237 | 0.01 | 1.32 (0.66–2.62) |
Female | 78 | 0.11 | 11,019 | 0.09 | 1.47 (1.18–1.84) | |
All | 86 | 0.06 | 12,256 | 0.05 | 1.45 (1.17–1.79) | |
Systemic lupus erythematosus | Male | 13 | 0.02 | 1963 | 0.02 | 1.06 (0.61–1.82) |
Female | 124 | 0.18 | 16,646 | 0.14 | 1.27 (1.07–1.52) | |
All | 137 | 0.10 | 18,609 | 0.08 | 1.25 (1.05–1.48) | |
Systemic sclerosis | Male | 1 | 0.001 | 377 | 0.003 | 0.47 (0.07–3.29) |
Female | 14 | 0.02 | 1451 | 0.01 | 1.45 (1.17–1.79) | |
All | 15 | 0.01 | 1828 | 0.01 | 1.94 (1.15–3.27) | |
Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis | Male | 6 | 0.01 | 529 | 0.004 | 1.86 (0.84–4.13) |
Female | 3 | 0.004 | 1219 | 0.01 | 0.46 (0.15–1.43) | |
All | 194 | 0.14 | 34,000 | 0.15 | 1.17(1.01–1.35) | |
Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Male | 16 | 0.02 | 1651 | 0.01 | 1.55 (0.95–2.52) |
Female | 4 | 0.01 | 993 | 0.01 | 0.76 (0.29–2.04) | |
All | 20 | 0.01 | 2644 | 0.01 | 1.29 (0.83–1.99) | |
Multiple Sclerosis | Male | 1 | 0.001 | 279 | 0.002 | 0.53 (0.07–3.73) |
Female | 7 | 0.01 | 926 | 0.01 | 1.29 (0.62–2.71) | |
All | 8 | 0.01 | 1205 | 0.01 | 1.09 (0.55–2.19) | |
With affected second-degree relatives with psoriasis | ||||||
Rheumatoid arthritis | Male | 6 | 0.02 | 7739 | 0.07 | 0.89 (0.40–1.97) |
Female | 24 | 0.10 | 29273 | 0.25 | 1.13 (0.76–1.69) | |
All | 30 | 0.06 | 37,012 | 0.16 | 1.07 (0.75–1.52) | |
Sjögren’s syndrome | Male | 2 | 0.01 | 1237 | 0.01 | 2.38 (0.60–9.54) |
Female | 9 | 0.04 | 11,019 | 0.09 | 1.23 (0.60–2.52) | |
All | 11 | 0.02 | 12,256 | 0.05 | 1.30 (0.69–2.47) | |
Systemic lupus erythematosus | Male | 4 | 0.02 | 1963 | 0.02 | 1.78 (0.67–4.76) |
Female | 16 | 0.07 | 16,646 | 0.14 | 0.99 (0.61–1.62) | |
All | 20 | 0.04 | 18,609 | 0.08 | 1.09 (0.70–1.68) | |
Systemic sclerosis | Male | N/A | N/A | 377 | 0.003 | N/A 2 |
Female | N/A | N/A | 1451 | 0.01 | N/A | |
All | N/A | N/A | 1828 | 0.01 | N/A | |
Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis | Male | 1 | 0.004 | 529 | 0.004 | 1.62 (0.23–11.57) |
Female | 1 | 0.004 | 1219 | 0.01 | 0.87 (0.12–6.24) | |
All | 32 | 0.07 | 34000 | 0.15 | 1.17(0.82–1.67) | |
Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Male | 2 | 0.01 | 1651 | 0.01 | 1.25 (0.31–4.99) |
Female | N/A | N/A | 993 | 0.01 | N/A | |
All | 2 | 0.004 | 2644 | 0.01 | 0.81 (0.20–3.22) | |
Multiple Sclerosis | Male | N/A | N/A | 279 | 0.002 | N/A |
Female | 1 | 0.004 | 926 | 0.01 | 1.18 (0.17–8.36) | |
All | 1 | 0.002 | 1205 | 0.01 | 0.84 (0.12–5.96) |
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Huang, Y.-H.; Kuo, C.-F.; Huang, L.-H.; Hsieh, M.-Y. Familial Aggregation of Psoriasis and Co-Aggregation of Autoimmune Diseases in Affected Families. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 115. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8010115
Huang Y-H, Kuo C-F, Huang L-H, Hsieh M-Y. Familial Aggregation of Psoriasis and Co-Aggregation of Autoimmune Diseases in Affected Families. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(1):115. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8010115
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Yu-Huei, Chang-Fu Kuo, Lu-Hsiang Huang, and Mei-Yun Hsieh. 2019. "Familial Aggregation of Psoriasis and Co-Aggregation of Autoimmune Diseases in Affected Families" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 1: 115. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8010115
APA StyleHuang, Y.-H., Kuo, C.-F., Huang, L.-H., & Hsieh, M.-Y. (2019). Familial Aggregation of Psoriasis and Co-Aggregation of Autoimmune Diseases in Affected Families. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(1), 115. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8010115