Folate, Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B12 Intake in Relation to Hyperuricemia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Populations
2.2. Study Variables
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age (Years) | RDAs for Folate, DFE (mcg/day) | Folate, DFE (mcg/day) | p |
20–85 a | 400.00 | 511.00 (342.00, 752.00) | <0.0001 |
20–85 b | 400.00 | 395.00 (264.00, 573.00) | <0.0001 |
Age (Years) | RDAs for Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | p |
20–50 a | 1.30 | 2.16 (1.49, 3.08) | <0.0001 |
20–50 b | 1.30 | 2.11 (1.47, 2.11) | <0.0001 |
51–85 a | 1.70 | 1.85 (1.27, 2.60) | <0.0001 |
51–85 b | 1.50 | 1.43 (0.98, 2.01) | 0.8645 |
Age (Years) | RDAs for Vitamin B12 (mcg/day) | Vitamin B12 (mcg/day) | p |
20–85 a | 2.40 | 4.65 (2.65, 7.57) | <0.0001 |
20–85 b | 2.40 | 3.26 (1.82, 5.29) | <0.0001 |
Characteristic | Male | p | Female | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Folate Intake <400 (mcg/day) (n = 4357) | Folate Intake ≥400 (mcg/day) (n = 8400) | Folate Intake <400 (mcg/day) (n = 6200) | Folate Intake ≥400 (mcg/day) (n = 6018) | |||
Age (years) | 50.00 (34.00, 64.00) | 45.00 (32.00, 60.00) | <0.0001 | 49.00 (35.00, 63.00) | 47.00 (34.00, 62.00) | 0.0002 |
Race/ethnicity (n, %) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
Non-Hispanic white | 1947 (44.69) | 4265 (50.77) | 0.0001 c | 2924 (47.16) | 3030 (50.35) | 0.0386 c |
Non-Hispanic black | 1048 (24.05) | 1381 (16.44) | <0.0001 c | 1413 (22.79) | 954 (15.85) | <0.0001 c |
Mexican American | 781 (17.93) | 1518 (18.07) | 0.8651 c | 1009 (16.27) | 1037 (17.23) | 0.2315 c |
Others a | 581 (13.33) | 1236 (14.71) | 0.0665 c | 854 (13.77) | 997 (16.57) | 0.0002 c |
Education background (n, %) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
Above high school | 1895 (43.49) | 4437 (52.82) | <0.0001 d | 3085 (49.76) | 3421 (56.85) | <0.0001 d |
High school or GED b | 1098 (25.20) | 1968 (23.43) | 0.0828 d | 1481 (23.89) | 1271 (21.12) | 0.0036 d |
Less than high school | 1364 (31.31) | 1995 (23.75) | <0.0001 d | 1634 (26.35) | 1326 (22.03) | <0.0001 d |
Marital status (n, %) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
Married or living with partner | 2778 (63.76) | 5692 (67.76) | 0.0406 e | 3291 (53.08) | 3496 (58.09) | 0.0029 e |
Living alone | 1579 (36.24) | 2708 (32.24) | 0.0014 e | 2909 (46.92) | 2522 (41.91) | 0.0005 e |
Drinking status (n, %) | 0.0004 | 0.0038 | ||||
Never | 308 (7.07) | 600 (7.14) | 0.8862 d | 1217 (19.63) | 1130 (18.78) | 0.3251 d |
Current | 3609 (82.83) | 7127 (84.85) | 0.3856 d | 3741 (60.34) | 3800 (63.14) | 0.1208 d |
Former | 440 (10.10) | 673 (8.01) | 0.0003 d | 1242 (20.03) | 1088 (18.08) | 0.0235 d |
Smoking status (n, %) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
Never | 1818 (41.73) | 3905 (46.49) | 0.0015 d | 3677 (59.31) | 3848 (63.94) | 0.0103 d |
Current | 1269 (29.13) | 2083 (24.80) | <0.0001 d | 1341 (21.63) | 977 (16.23) | <0.0001 d |
Former | 1270 (29.15) | 2412 (28.71) | 0.7031 d | 1182 (19.06) | 1193 (19.82) | 0.3838 d |
Weight (kg) | 83.70 (72.90, 96.50) | 83.60 (73.40, 95.90) | 0.9471 | 72.10 (61.40, 85.95) | 70.90 (60.80, 84.30) | 0.0012 |
Height (cm) | 173.90 (168.90, 179. 00) | 175.10 (169.80, 180.30) | <0.0001 | 160.80 (155.70, 165.50) | 161.50 (156.60, 166.10) | <0.0001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.72 (24.70, 31.32) | 27.44 (24.38, 30.81) | 0.0003 | 28.07 (24.07, 33.07) | 27.30 (23.43, 32.38) | <0.0001 |
Hypertension status (n, %) | 1049 (24.08) | 1685 (20.06) | <0.0001 | 1340 (21.61) | 1196 (19.87) | 0.0178 |
Diabetes status (n, %) | 451 (10.35) | 734 (8.74) | 0.0029 | 649 (10.47) | 521 (8.66) | 0.0007 |
HU (n, %) | 1065 (24.44) | 1627 (19.37) | <0.0001 | 1099 (17.73) | 846 (14.06) | <0.0001 |
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1743.00 (1327.00, 2231.00) | 2670.50 (2079.00, 3396.00) | <0.0001 | 1415.00 (1076.00, 1810.00) | 2000.50 (1587.00, 2513.00) | <0.0001 |
Protein intake (gm/day) | 67.03 (47.94, 89.55) | 100.09 (76.10, 131.32) | <0.0001 | 53.00 (38.36, 70.15) | 74.96 (57.37, 94.95) | <0.0001 |
Carbohydrate intake (gm/day) | 195.95 (143.39, 262.95) | 318.35 (245.06, 412.90) | <0.0001 | 169.54 (125.50, 222.07) | 253.86 (200.89, 318.50) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin B6 Intake (mg/day) | 1.43 (0.98, 2.01) | 2.36 (1.72, 3.26) | <0.0001 | 1.12 (0.77, 1.54) | 1.86 (1.38, 2.48) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin B12 intake (mcg/day) | 3.16 (1.79, 5.08) | 5.59 (3.40, 8.64) | <0.0001 | 2.40 (1.39, 3.88) | 4.31 (2.67, 6.59) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin E Intake (mg/day) | 4.70 (3.10, 6.96) | 8.38 (5.65, 12.16) | <0.0001 | 4.33 (2.83, 6.40) | 7.27 (4.98, 10.35) | <0.0001 |
Caffeine intake (mg/day) | 106.00 (19.00, 234.00) | 128.00 (30.00, 260.50) | <0.0001 | 87.00 (10.00, 191.00) | 97.00 (14.00, 208.00) | 0.0002 |
Saturated fatty acids intake (gm/day) | 19.91 (12.69, 29.45) | 30.71 (20.51, 43.74) | <0.0001 | 16.79 (10.92, 24.30) | 22.62 (15.23, 32.75) | <0.0001 |
Monounsaturated fatty acids (gm/day) | 23.34 (15.33, 33.25) | 35.16 (24.16, 49.30) | <0.0001 | 18.85 (12.47, 26.75) | 25.48 (17.51, 36.39) | <0.0001 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (gm/day) | 12.71 (7.71, 18.86) | 20.25 (13.48, 28.73) | <0.0001 | 11.07 (6.96, 16.73) | 15.81 (10.75, 23.15) | <0.0001 |
STC (mg/dL) | 193.00 (166.00, 221.00) | 192.00 (166.00, 219.00) | 0.2296 | 198.00 (172.00, 227.00) | 195.00 (170.00, 223.00) | 0.0004 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 94.00 (87.00, 104.00) | 93.00 (86.00, 103.00) | <0.0001 | 91.00 (84.00, 101.00) | 90.00 (83.00, 100.00) | 0.0249 |
STG (mg/dL) | 124.00 (81.00, 194.00) | 128.00 (84.00, 202.00) | 0.0069 | 109.00 (74.00, 163.00) | 110.00 (74.00, 168.00) | 0.5920 |
UA (mg/dL) | 6.10 (5.30, 6.90) | 5.90 (5.10, 6.70) | <0.0001 | 4.70 (4.00, 5.60) | 4.60 (3.90, 5.40) | <0.0001 |
Characteristic | Male | p | Female | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-HU (n = 10,065) | HU (n = 2692) | Non-HU (n = 10,273) | HU (n = 1945) | |||
Total folate intake (mcg/day) | 408.00 (279.00, 582.00) | 368.00 (250.00, 523.50) | <0.0001 | 313.00 (217.00, 443.00) | 285.00 (190.00, 406.00) | <0.0001 |
Folic acid intake (mcg/day) | 162.00 (86.00, 281.00) | 137.00 (71.00, 240.00) | <0.0001 | 121.00 (63.00, 206.00) | 109.00 (58.00, 188.00) | <0.0001 |
Food folate intake (mcg/day) | 218.00 (149.00, 315.00) | 205.00 (136.00, 297.00) | <0.0001 | 169.00 (113.00, 243.00) | 153.00 (104.00, 223.00) | <0.0001 |
Folate intake, DFE (mcg/day) | 526.00 (350.00, 772.00) | 469.50 (312.00, 684.00) | <0.0001 | 401.00 (269.00, 580.00) | 361.00 (238.00, 532.00) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin B6 intake (mg/day) | 2.03 (1.40, 2.89) | 1.99 (1.36, 2.81) | 0.0219 | 1.46 (1.00, 2.07) | 1.39 (0.94, 1.98) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin B12 intake (mcg/day) | 4.74 (2.70, 7.69) | 4.32 (2.50, 6.98) | <0.0001 | 3.29 (1.84, 5.37) | 3.06 (1.71, 4.97) | <0.0001 |
Total Folate Intake (mcg/day) | p for Trend | ||||||
Q1 (≤247) (n = 2562) | Q2 (248–347) (n = 2567) | Q3 (348–457) (n = 2547) | Q4 (458–620) (n = 2535) | Q5 (≥621) (n = 2546) | |||
Male (n = 12,757) | Model 1 | Reference | 0.82 (0.72, 0.93) | 0.81 (0.71, 0.92) | 0.72 (0.63, 0.82) | 0.55 (0.48, 0.64) | <0.0001 |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.80 (0.71, 0.91) | 0.79 (0.69, 0.90) | 0.69 (0.61, 0.79) | 0.53 (0.46, 0.61) | <0.0001 | |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.87 (0.75, 0.99) | 0.84 (0.73, 0.97) | 0.73 (0.62, 0.85) | 0.64 (0.53, 0.77) | <0.0001 | |
Q1 (≤191) (n = 2454) | Q2 (192–268) (n = 2454) | Q3 (269–353) (n = 2442) | Q4 (354–476) (n = 2426) | Q5 (≥477) (n = 2442) | |||
Female (n = 12,218) | Model 1 | Reference | 0.78 (0.67, 0.91) | 0.722 (0.62,0.84) | 0.70 (0.60, 0.81) | 0.64 (0.55, 0.75) | <0.0001 |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.78 (0.67, 0.90) | 0.73 (0.63, 0.86) | 0.71 (0.61, 0.83) | 0.65 (0.56, 0.77) | <0.0001 | |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.82 (0.70, 0.97) | 0.82 (0.69, 0.97) | 0.79 (0.65, 0.95) | 0.84 (0.67, 1.04) | 0.0767 | |
Folic Acid Intake(mcg/day) | |||||||
Q1 (≤69) (n = 2585) | Q2 (70–125) (n = 2523) | Q3 (126–194) (n = 2573) | Q4 (195–311) (n = 2532) | Q5 (≥312) (n = 2544) | |||
Male (n = 12,757) | Model 1 | Reference | 0.89 (0.78, 1.01) | 0.82 (0.72, 0.93) | 0.67 (0.58, 0.77) | 0.58 (0.51, 0.67) | <0.0001 |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.89 (0.78, 1.01) | 0.80 (0.70, 0.91) | 0.66 (0.57, 0.75) | 0.56 (0.49, 0.65) | <0.0001 | |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.95 (0.83, 1.09) | 0.89 (0.77, 1.02) | 0.78 (0.68, 0.91) | 0.75 (0.64, 0.89) | <0.0001 | |
Q1 (≤52) (n = 2482) | Q2 (53–94) (n = 2429) | Q3 (95–147) (n = 2456) | Q4 (148–230) (n = 2417) | Q5 (≥231) (n = 2434) | |||
Female (n = 12,218) | Model 1 | Reference | 1.00 (0.86, 1.17) | 0.95 (0.82, 1.11) | 0.90 (0.77, 1.05) | 0.85 (0.72, 0.99) | <0.0001 |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.99 (0.85, 1.16) | 0.95 (0.81, 1.10) | 0.89 (0.76, 1.05) | 0.85 (0.72, 0.99) | 0.0169 | |
Model 3 | Reference | 1.012 (0.86, 1.19) | 1.00 (0.84, 1.18) | 0.97 (0.82, 1.16) | 1.04 (0.86, 1.25) | 0.9137 | |
Food Folate Intake(mcg/day) | |||||||
Q1 (≤132.0) (n = 2584) | Q2 (132.1–185.0) (n = 2529) | Q3 (185.1–247.0) (n = 2551) | Q4 (247.1–339.8) (n = 2541) | Q5 (≥339.9) (n = 2552) | |||
Male (n = 12,757) | Model 1 | Reference | 0.78 (0.68, 0.89) | 0.78 (0.69, 0.90) | 0.82 (0.72, 0.94) | 0.68 (0.60, 0.78) | <0.0001 |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.76 (0.66, 0.86) | 0.75 (0.66, 0.86) | 0.79 (0.69, 0.90) | 0.66 (0.57, 0.75) | <0.0001 | |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.79 (0.69, 0.91) | 0.82 (0.71, 0.95) | 0.83 (0.71, 0.97) | 0.70 (0.59, 0.84) | 0.0018 | |
Q1 (≤101) (n = 2492) | Q2 (102–143) (n = 2403) | Q3 (144–191) (n = 2468) | Q4 (192–261) (n = 2420) | Q5 (≥262) (n = 2435) | |||
Female (n = 12,218) | Model 1 | Reference | 0.88 (0.76, 1.03) | 0.81 (0.70, 0.94) | 0.73 (0.62, 0.85) | 0.65 (0.55, 0.76) | <0.0001 |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.89 (0.76, 1.04) | 0.83 (0.71, 0.96) | 0.74 (0.64, 0.87) | 0.67 (0.57, 0.79) | <0.0001 | |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.93 (0.79, 1.10) | 0.89 (0.75, 1.05) | 0.81 (0.67, 0.97) | 0.80 (0.65, 0.99) | 0.0132 | |
Folate Intake, DFE (mcg/day) | |||||||
Q1 (≤310) (n = 2556) | Q2 (311–440) (n = 2557) | Q3 (441–593) (n = 2556) | Q4 (594–825) (n = 2538) | Q5 (≥826) (n = 2550) | |||
Male (n = 12,757) | Model 1 | Reference | 0.82 (0.72, 0.93) | 0.81 (0.72, 0.93) | 0.68 (0.59, 0.78) | 0.55 (0.48, 0.63) | <0.0001 |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.80 (0.70, 0.91) | 0.79 (0.69, 0.90) | 0.65 (0.57, 0.75) | 0.53 (0.46, 0.61) | <0.0001 | |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.84 (0.73, 0.96) | 0.84 (0.73, 0.97) | 0.72 (0.62, 0.84) | 0.64 (0.53, 0.77) | <0.0001 | |
Q1 (≤239) (n = 2448) | Q2 (240–340) (n = 2442) | Q3 (341–455) (n = 2446) | Q4 (456–629) (n = 2443) | Q5 (≥630) (n = 2439) | |||
Female (n = 12,218) | Model 1 | Reference | 0.78 (0.67, 0.91) | 0.72 (0.62, 0.84) | 0.71 (0.61, 0.83) | 0.67 (0.57, 0.78) | <0.0001 |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.78 (0.67, 0.90) | 0.73 (0.62, 0.85) | 0.73 (0.62, 0.85) | 0.67 (0.57, 0.79) | <0.0001 | |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.84 (0.71, 0.99) | 0.81 (0.68, 0.96) | 0.82 (0.68, 0.99) | 0.87 (0.70, 1.07) | 0.1475 |
Vitamin B6 Intake (mg/day) | p for Trend | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (≤1.253) (n = 2552) | Q2 (1.254–1.758) (n = 2554) | Q3 (1.759–2.307) (n = 2549) | Q4 (2.308–3.141) (n = 2550) | Q5 (≥3.142) (n = 2552) | |||
Male (n = 12,757) | Model 1 Model 2 Model 4 | Reference Reference Reference | 1.02 (0.89, 1.16) 0.99 (0.87, 1.14) 1.06 (0.92, 1.22) | 1.08 (0.95, 1.24) 1.05 (0.92, 1.20) 1.16 (0.99, 1.35) | 0.92 (0.80, 1.05) 0.88 (0.76, 1.01) 0.99 (0.84, 1.17) | 0.90 (0.79, 1.04) 0.88 (0.76, 1.01) 1.11 (0.91, 1.36) | 0.0505 0.0141 0.5782 |
Q1 (≤0.896) (n = 2452) | Q2 (0.897–1.263) (n = 2437) | Q3 (1.264–1.657) (n = 2447) | Q4 (1.658–2.240) (n = 2441) | Q5 (≥2.241) (n = 2441) | |||
Female (n = 12,218) | Model 1 Model 2 Model 4 | Reference Reference Reference | 0.94 (0.81, 1.10) 0.96 (0.82, 1.12) 0.98 (0.83, 1.16) | 0.79 (0.67, 0.92) 0.80 (0.68, 0.94) 0.85 (0.71, 1.02) | 0.86 (0.74, 1.00) 0.88 (0.75, 1.03) 0.98 (0.81, 1.18) | 0.82 (0.70, 0.96) 0.85 (0.73, 1.00) 1.03 (0.82, 1.30) | 0.0064 0.0226 0.9808 |
Vitamin B12 Intake (mcg/day) | p for Trend | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (≤2.27) (n = 2552) | Q2 (2.28–3.79) (n = 2560) | Q3 (3.80–5.58) (n = 2547) | Q4 (5.59–8.43) (n = 2549) | Q5 (≥8.44) (n = 2549) | |||
Male (n = 12,757) | Model 1 Model 2 Model 5 | Reference Reference Reference | 0.98 (0.86, 1.11) 0.96 (0.84, 1.10) 0.95 (0.82, 1.09) | 0.94 (0.82, 1.07) 0.93 (0.81, 1.06) 0.94 (0.81, 1.09) | 0.79 (0.69, 0.91) 0.77 (0.67, 0.88) 0.79 (0.67, 0.93) | 0.73 (0.64, 0.84) 0.72 (0.63, 0.83) 0.77 (0.64, 0.93) | <0.0001 <0.0001 0.0013 |
Q1 (≤1.56) (n = 2450) | Q2 (1.57–2.64) (n = 2446) | Q3 (2.65–3.91) (n = 2443) | Q4 (3.92–5.93) (n = 2441) | Q5 (≥5.94) (n = 2438) | |||
Female (n = 12,218) | Model 1 Model 2 Model 5 | Reference Reference Reference | 0.89 (0.76, 1.04) 0.90 (0.77, 1.05) 0.89 (0.75, 1.04) | 0.94 (0.81, 1.09) 0.94 (0.81, 1.10) 0.93 (0.79, 1.11) | 0.82 (0.70, 0.96) 0.84 (0.71, 0.98) 0.85 (0.71, 1.02) | 0.76 (0.65, 0.90) 0.78 (0.66, 0.91) 0.83 (0.67, 1.03) | 0.0007 0.0019 0.1030 |
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Zhang, Y.; Qiu, H. Folate, Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B12 Intake in Relation to Hyperuricemia. J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7, 210. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7080210
Zhang Y, Qiu H. Folate, Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B12 Intake in Relation to Hyperuricemia. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2018; 7(8):210. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7080210
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yiying, and Hongbin Qiu. 2018. "Folate, Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B12 Intake in Relation to Hyperuricemia" Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 8: 210. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7080210
APA StyleZhang, Y., & Qiu, H. (2018). Folate, Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B12 Intake in Relation to Hyperuricemia. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 7(8), 210. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7080210