Effect of Squat Exercises on Lung Function in Elderly Women with Sarcopenia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Pulmonary Function Tests
2.4. Knee Extensor Strength
2.5. Grip Strength
2.6. Three-Minute Walk Test
2.7. Whole-Body Bone and Lean Mass
2.8. Definition of Sarcopenia
2.9. Intervention
2.10. Blood Sampling
2.11. Statistics
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Sabesan, V.J.; Valikodath, T.; Childs, A.; Sharma, V.K. Economic and social impact of upper extremity fragility fractures in elderly patients. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 2015, 27, 539–546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rosenberg, I.H. Sarcopenia: Origins and clinical relevance. J. Nutr. 1997, 127, 990s–991s. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bunout, D.; De la Maza, M.P.; Barrera, G.; Leiva, L.; Hirsch, S. Association between sarcopenia and mortality in healthy older people. Australas. J. Ageing 2011, 30, 89–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Landi, F.; Cruz-Jentoft, A.J.; Liperoti, R.; Russo, A.; Giovannini, S.; Tosato, M.; Capoluongo, E.; Bernabei, R.; Onder, G. Sarcopenia and mortality risk in frail older persons aged 80 years and older: Results from ilSIRENTE study. Age Ageing 2013, 42, 203–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moon, J.H.; Kong, M.H.; Kim, H.J. Implication of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity on lung function in healthy elderly: Using Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination survey. J. Korean Med. Sci. 2015, 30, 1682–1688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cruz-Jentoft, A.J.; Baeyens, J.P.; Bauer, J.M.; Boirie, Y.; Cederholm, T.; Landi, F.; Martin, F.C.; Michel, J.P.; Rolland, Y.; Schneider, S.M.; et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing 2010, 39, 412–423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mangine, G.T.; Hoffman, J.R.; Gonzalez, A.M.; Townsend, J.R.; Wells, A.J.; Jajtner, A.R.; Beyer, K.; Boone, C.H.; Miramonti, A.A.; Wang, R.; et al. The effect of training volume and intensity on improvements in muscular strength and size in resistance-trained men. Physiol. Rep. 2015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Blue, M.N.M.; Smith-Ryan, A.E.; Trexler, E.T.; Hirsch, K.R. The effects of high intensity interval training on muscle size and quality in overweight and obese adults. J. Sci. Med Sport 2018, 21, 207–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, C.J.; Latham, N.K. Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Solberg, P.A.; Kvamme, N.H.; Raastad, T.; Ommundsen, Y.; Tomten, S.E.; Halvari, H.; Loland, N.W.; Hallén, J. Effects of different types of exercise on muscle mass, strength, function and well-being in elderly. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2013, 13, 112–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Azad, A.; Gharakhanlou, R.; Niknam, A.; Ghanbari, A. Effects of aerobic exercise on lung function in overweight and obese students. Tanaffos 2011, 10, 24–31. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Womack, C.J.; Harris, D.L.; Katzel, L.I.; Hagberg, J.M.; Bleecker, E.R.; Goldberg, A.P. Weight loss, not aerobic exercise, improves pulmonary function in older obese men. J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2000, 55, M453–M457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fry, A.C.; Smith, J.C.; Schilling, B.K. Effect of knee position on hip and knee torques during the barbell squat. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2003, 17, 629–633. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Schoenfeld, B.J. Squatting kinematics and kinetics and their application to exercise performance. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2010, 24, 3497–3506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, S.K.; Ahn, Y.H.; Yoon, J.A.; Shin, M.J.; Chang, J.H.; Cho, J.S.; Lee, M.K.; Kim, M.H.; Yun, E.Y.; Jeong, J.H.; et al. Efficacy of systemic postoperative pulmonary rehabilitation after lung resection surgery. Ann. Rehabil. Med. 2015, 39, 366–373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gardner, R.M. Standardization of spirometry: a summary of recommendations from the American Thoracic Society: The 1987 update. Ann. Intern. Med. 1988, 108, 217–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, W.K.; Kim, D.K.; Seo, K.M.; Kang, S.H. Reliability and validity of isometric knee extensor strength test with hand-held dynamometer depending on its fixation: A pilot study. Ann. Rehabil. Med. 2014, 38, 84–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Maffiuletti, N.A.; Lepers, R. Quadriceps femoris torque and EMG activity in seated versus supine position. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2003, 35, 1511–1516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Roberts, H.C.; Denison, H.J.; Martin, H.J.; Patel, H.P.; Syddall, H.; Cooper, C.; Sayer, A.A. A review of the measurement of grip strength in clinical and epidemiological studies: Towards a standardised approach. Age Ageing 2011, 40, 423–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Iriberri, M.; Galdiz, J.B.; Gorostiza, A.; Ansola, P.; Jaca, C. Comparison of the distances covered during 3 and 6 min walking test. Respir. Med. 2002, 96, 812–816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hwang, B.; Lim, J.Y.; Lee, J.; Choi, N.K.; Ahn, Y.O.; Park, B.J. Prevalence rate and associated factors of sarcopenic obesity in Korean elderly population. J. Korean Med. Sci. 2012, 27, 748–755. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, Y.S.; Lee, Y.; Chung, Y.S.; Lee, D.J.; Joo, N.S.; Hong, D.; Song, G.; Kim, H.J.; Choi, Y.J.; Kim, K.M. Prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in the Korean population based on the fourth Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys. J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2012, 67, 1107–1113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, L.K.; Liu, L.K.; Woo, J.; Assantachai, P.; Auyeung, T.W.; Bahyah, K.S.; Chou, M.Y.; Chen, L.Y.; Hsu, P.S.; Krairit, O.; et al. Sarcopenia in Asia: Consensus report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2014, 15, 95–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tanimoto, Y.; Watanabe, M.; Sun, W.; Sugiura, Y.; Tsuda, Y.; Kimura, M.; Hayashida, I.; Kusabiraki, T.; Kono, K. Association between sarcopenia and higher-level functional capacity in daily living in community-dwelling elderly subjects in Japan. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 2012, 55, e9–e13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Borg, G.A. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1982, 14, 377–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thomas, M.H.; Burns, S.P. Increasing lean mass and strength: A comparison of high frequency strength training to lower frequency strength training. Int. J. Exerc. Sci. 2016, 9, 159–167. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Jeon, Y.K.; Shin, M.J.; Kim, M.H.; Mok, J.H.; Kim, S.S.; Kim, B.H.; Kim, S.J.; Kim, Y.K.; Chang, J.H.; Shin, Y.B.; et al. Low pulmonary function is related with a high risk of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008–2011. Osteoporos. Int. 2015, 26, 2423–2429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lim, S.; Kwon, S.Y.; Yoon, J.W.; Kim, S.Y.; Choi, S.H.; Park, Y.J.; Yoon, H.I.; Chang, Y.S.; Lee, J.H.; Lee, C.T.; et al. Association between body composition and pulmonary function in elderly people: The Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging. Obesity 2011, 19, 631–638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Khosravi, M.; Tayebi, S.M.; Safari, H. Single and concurrent effects of endurance and resistance training on pulmonary function. Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci. 2013, 16, 628–634. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Aagaard, P.; Suetta, C.; Caserotti, P.; Magnusson, S.P.; Kjaer, M. Role of the nervous system in sarcopenia and muscle atrophy with aging: Strength training as a countermeasure. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2010, 20, 49–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wolfe, R.R. The Role of Dietary Protein in Optimizing Muscle Mass, Function and Health Outcomes in Older Individuals. Br. J. Nutr. 2012, 108, S88–S93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Parameter | With Sarcopenia | Without Sarcopenia | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 75.4 ± 5.3 | 73.0 ± 6.2 | 0.302 |
Height (cm) | 149.0 ± 4.4 | 153.6±3.7 | 0.005 * |
Weight (kg) | 55.9 ± 6.4 | 58.1 ± 6.9 | 0.444 |
WC (cm) | 85.4 ± 7.6 | 82.3 ± 7.0 | 0.279 |
BMI (kg/cm2) | 25.3 ± 3.2 | 24.7± 3.1 | 0.651 |
ASM (kg) | 11.8 ± 1.1 | 13.4 ± 1.8 | 0.013 * |
Arm lean mass (kg) | 3.2 ± 0.5 | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 0.045 * |
Leg lean mass (kg) | 9.4 ± 0.9 | 10.7 ± 1.4 | 0.012 * |
Left HGS (kg) | 18.1 ± 3.4 | 21.8 ± 4.0 | 0.017 * |
Right HGS (kg) | 16.9 ± 1.8 | 22.7 ± 3.3 | <0.001 * |
Left knee extensor (Nm) | 121.5 ± 34.9 | 135.2 ± 26.2 | 0.239 |
Right knee extensor (Nm) | 114.2 ± 41.5 | 144.0 ± 35.7 | 0.051 |
3MWD (m) | 226.8 ± 46.8 | 261.0 ± 34.2 | 0.024 * |
AST (mg/dL) | 19.5 ± 4.7 | 22.7 ± 6.5 | 0.247 |
ALT (mg/dL) | 26.8 ± 32.1 | 17.4 ± 6.3 | 0.385 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 16.7 ± 4.1 | 16.9 ± 4.0 | 0.867 |
Cr (mg/dL) | 0.73 ± 0.18 | 0.73 ± 0.16 | 0.780 |
TC (mg/dL) | 192.3 ± 47.3 | 189.0 ± 45.0 | 0.854 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 51.5 ± 20.1 | 59.3 ± 13.1 | 0.658 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 106.4 ± 48.1 | 116.0 ± 37.8 | 0.552 |
TG (mg/dL) | 188.4 ± 171.9 | 110.0 ± 54.4 | 0.190 |
FFA (mg/dL) | 569.7 ± 292.9 | 660.4 ± 246.6 | 0.380 |
25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 42.3 ± 10.2 | 48.9 ± 19.4 | 0.325 |
FEV1 (L) | 1.57 ± 0.34 | 1.83 ± 0.32 | 0.053 |
FEV1 (% pred) | 106.7 ± 26.5 | 102.3 ± 29.3 | 0.696 |
FVC (L) | 1.71 ± 0.38 | 2.12 ± 0.34 | 0.006 * |
FVC (% pred) | 89.1 ± 22.4 | 94.0 ± 21.8 | 0.574 |
FEV1/FVC | 0.86 ± 0.09 | 0.89 ± 0.06 | 0.230 |
MEP (cmH2O) | 50.3 ± 18.8 | 48.4 ± 13.5 | 0.753 |
MIP (cmH2O) | 50.3 ± 17.1 | 52.9 ± 15.4 | 0.684 |
With Sarcopenia (n = 10) | Without Sarcopenia (n = 20) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | p-Value | Before | After | p-Value | |
Weight (kg) | 55.9 ± 6.4 | 56.7 ± 6.7 | 0.059 | 58.1 ± 6.9 | 58.7 ± 6.9 | 0.001 * |
Height (m2) | 149.0 ± 4.4 | 148.8 ± 4.2 | 0.089 | 153.6±3.7 | 153.7 ± 4.3 | 0.798 |
WC (cm) | 85.4 ± 7.6 | 87.9 ± 7.8 | 0.333 | 82.3 ± 7.0 | 83.5 ± 7.9 | 0.205 |
ASM (kg) | 11.8 ± 1.1 | 12.1 ± 1.0 | 0.114 | 13.4 ± 1.8 | 13.7 ± 1.7 | 0.013 * |
Arm lean mass (kg) | 3.2 ± 0.5 | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 0.445 | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 0.211 |
Leg lean mass (kg) | 9.4 ± 0.9 | 9.6 ± 0.8 | 0.059 | 10.7 ± 1.4 | 10.9 ± 1.4 | 0.037 * |
Left HGS (kg) | 18.1 ± 3.4 | 19.1 ± 3.3 | 0.005 * | 21.8 ± 4.0 | 23.3 ± 4.0 | <0.001 * |
Right HGS (kg) | 16.9 ± 1.8 | 19.3 ± 2.6 | 0.005 * | 22.7 ± 3.3 | 24.7 ± 3.8 | <0.001 * |
Left knee extensor (Nm) | 121.5 ± 34.9 | 170.7 ± 41.4 | 0.005 * | 135.2 ± 26.2 | 195.4 ± 52.9 | <0.001 * |
Right knee extensor (Nm) | 114.2 ± 41.5 | 158.3 ± 48.9 | 0.005 * | 144.0 ± 35.7 | 203.3 ± 47.6 | <0.001 * |
3MWD (m) | 226.3 ± 47.2 | 241.1 ± 39.2 | 0.005 * | 261.7 ± 33.3 | 275.2 ± 33.7 | <0.001 * |
TC (mg/dL) | 192.3 ± 47.3 | 183.7 ± 48.7 | 0.721 | 189.0 ± 45.0 | 180.0 ± 42.0 | 0.014 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 51.5 ± 20.1 | 49.5 ± 17.3 | 0.959 | 59.3 ± 13.1 | 58.4 ± 13.8 | 0.468 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 106.4 ± 48.1 | 106.9 ± 50.1 | 0.959 | 116.1 ± 37.8 | 111.9 ± 35.4 | 0.285 |
TG (mg/dL) | 188.4 ± 171.9 | 161.9 ± 83.8 | 1.000 | 110.0 ± 54.4 | 106.4 ± 34.5 | 0.940 |
FFA (mg/dL) | 569.7 ± 292.9 | 532.9 ±168.6 | 0.646 | 660.4 ± 246.6 | 691.9 ± 325.9 | 0.911 |
25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 42.3 ± 10.2 | 37.8 ± 11.7 | 0.241 | 48.9 ± 19.4 | 47.8 ± 21.7 | 0.968 |
FEV1 (L) | 1.57 ± 0.34 | 1.49 ± 0.42 | 0.139 | 1.83 ± 0.32 | 1.88 ± 0.29 | 0.390 |
FEV1 (%) | 106.7 ± 26.5 | 95.7 ± 29.6 | 0.139 | 102.4 ± 29.3 | 100.8 ± 22.6 | 0.811 |
FVC (L) | 1.71 ± 0.38 | 1.82 ± 0.30 | 0.019 * | 2.12 ± 0.34 | 2.14 ± 0.36 | 0.627 |
FVC (%) | 89.1 ± 22.4 | 98.9 ± 19.0 | 0.041 * | 94.0 ± 21.8 | 99.1 ± 26.8 | 0.210 |
FEV1/FVC | 0.86 ± 0.09 | 0.86 ± 0.10 | 0.889 | 0.89 ± 0.06 | 0.86 ± 0.08 | 0.082 |
MEP (cmH2O) | 50.3 ± 18.8 | 48.3 ± 22.1 | 0.358 | 48.4 ± 13.5 | 47.0 ± 11.7 | 0.636 |
MIP (cmH2O) | 50.3 ± 17.1 | 46.2 ± 18.8 | 0.759 | 52.9 ± 15.4 | 56.6 ± 16.8 | 0.243 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Jeon, Y.K.; Shin, M.J.; Kim, C.M.; Lee, B.-J.; Kim, S.H.; Chae, D.S.; Park, J.-H.; So, Y.S.; Park, H.; Lee, C.H.; Kim, B.C.; Chang, J.H.; Shin, Y.B.; Kim, I.J. Effect of Squat Exercises on Lung Function in Elderly Women with Sarcopenia. J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7, 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7070167
Jeon YK, Shin MJ, Kim CM, Lee B-J, Kim SH, Chae DS, Park J-H, So YS, Park H, Lee CH, Kim BC, Chang JH, Shin YB, Kim IJ. Effect of Squat Exercises on Lung Function in Elderly Women with Sarcopenia. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2018; 7(7):167. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7070167
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeon, Yun Kyung, Myung Jun Shin, Cheol Min Kim, Byeong-Ju Lee, Sang Hun Kim, Da Som Chae, Jong-Hwan Park, Yong Seok So, Hyuntae Park, Chang Hyung Lee, Byoung Chul Kim, Jae Hyeok Chang, Yong Beom Shin, and In Joo Kim. 2018. "Effect of Squat Exercises on Lung Function in Elderly Women with Sarcopenia" Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 7: 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7070167