Updates in Intestinal Failure Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations
3. Nutritional Management
3.1. Enteral Nutrition
3.2. Parenteral Nutrition
3.3. Comparing Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition
4. Medical Management
5. Surgical Management
5.1. Autologous Intestinal Reconstruction
5.2. Intestinal Transplantation
5.3. Experimental Therapies
6. Complications
6.1. IFALD
6.2. Metabolic Bone Disease
6.3. Kidney Disease
6.4. Intestinal Inflammation
7. Clinical Case Scenarios
7.1. Case A: Intestinal Atresia
7.2. Case B: Necrotizing Enterocolitis
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ASPEN | American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition |
CLABSI | Central line-associated bloodstream infections |
CRP | C-reactive protein |
CVC | Central venous catheter |
DXA | Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry |
EDTA | Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid |
FTT | Failure to thrive |
GFR | Glomerular filtration rate |
GLP-2 | Glucagon-like peptide 2 |
IBD | Inflammatory bowel disease |
IDSA | Infectious Diseases Society of America |
IF | Intestinal failure |
IFALD | Intestinal failure-associated liver disease |
INSPIRE | Ingestible self-propelling device for intestinal reanimation |
LILT | Longitudinal intestinal lengthening and tapering |
MBD | Metabolic bone disease |
NEC | Necrotizing enterocolitis |
OPTN | Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network |
PICC | Peripherally-inserted central catheter |
PN | Parenteral nutrition |
PNALD | Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease |
SBBO | Small bowel bacterial overgrowth |
SBS | Short bowel syndrome |
SRTR | Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients |
STEP | Serial transverse enteroplasty |
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Medication Class | Function(s)/Mechanism(s) | Example of Generic | Brand Name |
---|---|---|---|
Anti-diarrheal | Antimotility | Loperamide | Imodium |
Antimotility/anticolinergic | Diphenoxylate/atropine | Lomotil | |
Bile acid binder | Colesevelam | Welchol | |
Prokinetic | Dopamine-2 receptor antagonist | Metoclopramide | Reglan |
Motilin receptor agonist | Erythromycin | Erythrocin | |
Serotonin (5-HT4) receptor agonist | Cisapride | Propulsid | |
Antacid | Histamine (H2) receptor antagonist | Famotidine | Pepcid |
Proton pump inhibitor | Pantoprazole | Protonix | |
Somatostatin analog | Octreotide | Sandostatin | |
Neutralize excess acid | Calcium carbonate | Tums | |
Mucosal protectant | Sucralfate | Carafate | |
Antibiotics and probiotics | Antibiotics: reduce bacterial overgrowth | Metronidazole | Flagyl |
Probiotics: encourage commensal bacteria | Lactobacillus sp. | Culturelle | |
GLP-2 1 analog | Promote mucosal growth and nutrient absorption | Teduglutide | Gattex |
Long-acting GLP-2 analog | Apraglutide | N/A 2 | |
Enzyme replacement | Pancreatic enzyme replacement | Pancrelipase | Creon |
Other | Parenteral nutrition | (Patient-specific) | N/A |
Intravenous lipid emulsion | Mixed oils | SMOFlipid 3 |
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Wang, S.Z.; O’Daniel, E.L. Updates in Intestinal Failure Management. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 3031. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14093031
Wang SZ, O’Daniel EL. Updates in Intestinal Failure Management. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(9):3031. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14093031
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Sarah Z., and Elizabeth L. O’Daniel. 2025. "Updates in Intestinal Failure Management" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 9: 3031. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14093031
APA StyleWang, S. Z., & O’Daniel, E. L. (2025). Updates in Intestinal Failure Management. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(9), 3031. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14093031