Three-Month Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients Who Underwent Neurological Surgeries
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
2.2. Variables and Outcomes of Interest
2.3. Sample Size
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Thromboprophylaxis
3.2. Post-Operative Venous Thromboembolism
3.3. Post-Operative Bleeding
3.4. Post-Operative All-Cause Mortality
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Total (n = 626) | Non-VTE (n = 612) | VTE (n = 14) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year), mean ±SD | 50.21±17.37 | 50.00 ±17.34 | 59.50 ±16.39 | 0.043 |
Sex, n (%) | 0.887 | |||
Male | 346 (55.27) | 338 (55.23) | 8 (57.14) | - |
BMI (kg/m2), mean ±SD | 23.60 ±4.05 | 23.57 ±4.05 | 24.88 ±3.88 | 0.231 |
Comorbidity, n (%) | ||||
Diabetes mellitus | 76 (12.14) | 74 (12.09) | 2 (14.29) | 0.683 |
Hypertension | 216 (34.5) | 210 (34.31) | 6 (42.86) | 0.506 |
Dyslipidemia | 132 (21.09) | 128 (20.92) | 4 (28.57) | 0.508 |
Smoking | 147 (23.48) | 144 (23.53) | 3 (21.43) | 0.999 |
History of venous thromboembolism | 1 (0.16) | 1 (0.16) | 0 (0.00) | 0.999 |
History of arterial thromboembolism | 19 (3.04) | 18 (2.94) | 1 (7.14) | 0.353 |
Chronic kidney disease | 17 (2.72) | 17 (2.78) | 0 (0.00) | 0.999 |
Current medication, n (%) | ||||
Concomitant aspirin use | 42 (6.71) | 40 (6.54) | 2 (14.29) | 0.240 |
History of chemotherapy within 3 months | 6 (0.96) | 6 (0.98) | 0 (0.00) | 0.999 |
History of radiotherapy within 3 months | 3 (0.48) | 2 (0.33) | 1 (7.14) | 0.066 |
Cancer, n (%) | 87 (13.90) | 79 (12.91) | 8 (57.14) | <0.001 |
ASA classification, n (%) | ||||
ASA 1 | 25 (3.99) | 25 (4.08) | 0 (0.00) | 0.999 |
ASA 2 | 216 (34.50) | 210 (34.31) | 6 (42.86) | 0.506 |
ASA 3 | 327 (52.24) | 322 (52.61) | 5 (35.71) | 0.281 |
ASA 4 | 52 (8.31) | 49 (8.01) | 3 (21.43) | 0.102 |
ASA 5 | 6 (0.96) | 6 (0.98) | 0 (0.00) | 0.999 |
ASA 6 | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | - |
Duration of surgery, median [p25, p75] | 3 [2, 4.33] | 3 [2, 4.34] | 1.95 [1.25, 3] | 0.022 |
Type of neurosurgery, n (%) | ||||
Head injury | 201 (32.11) | 196 (32.03) | 5 (35.71) | 0.776 |
Tumor | 207 (33.07) | 201 (32.84) | 6 (42.86) | 0.431 |
Vascular | 83 (13.26) | 83 (13.56) | 0 (0.00) | 0.235 |
Hydrocephalus | 22 (3.51) | 21 (3.43) | 1 (7.14) | 0.397 |
Infection | 10 (1.60) | 9 (1.47) | 1 (7.14) | 0.204 |
Miscellaneous | 16 (2.56) | 16 (2.61) | 0 (0.00) | 0.999 |
Spine | 41 (6.55) | 41 (6.70) | 0 (0.00) | 0.615 |
Functional surgery | 11 (1.76) | 11 (1.80) | 0 (0.00) | 0.999 |
Peripheral nerves | 1 (0.16) | 1 (0.16) | 0 (0.00) | 0.999 |
Ventriculostomy, lumbar drain etc. | 34 (5.43) | 33 (5.39) | 1 (7.14) | 0.546 |
Transfusion during surgery, n (%) | 202 (32.27) | 198 (32.35) | 4 (28.57) | 0.999 |
Pack red cell, n (%) | 192 (30.67) | 189 (30.88) | 3 (21.43) | 0.567 |
Platelet, n (%) | 53 (8.47) | 50 (8.17) | 3 (21.43) | 0.107 |
Postoperative assisted ventilation, n (%) | 340 (54.31) | 331 (54.08) | 9 (64.29) | 0.590 |
Thromboprophylaxis | Total (n = 626) | Non-VTE (n = 612) | VTE (n = 14) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
None, n (%) | 540 (86.26) | 527 (86.11) | 13 (92.86) | 0.525 |
Mechanical, n (%) | 58 (9.26) | 57 (9.31) | 1 (7.14) | 0.076 |
Pharmacoprophylaxis, n (%) | 44 (7.01) | 44 (7.19) | 0 | <0.050 |
| 29 (65.91) | 29 (65.91) | 0 | - |
| 18 (40.91) | 18 (40.91) | 0 | - |
Variables | Hazard Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Venous thromboembolism | |||
Age ≥ 75 years | 4.53 | 1.25–16.38 | 0.021 |
Cancer | 8.51 | 2.95–24.60 | <0.001 |
Postoperative paraparesis/paralysis | 3.26 | 1.12–9.45 | 0.030 |
Overall bleeding | |||
Age ≥ 60 years | 2.08 | 1.19–3.65 | 0.010 |
Diabetes mellitus | 1.95 | 1.00–3.79 | 0.049 |
ASA ≥ 4 | 2.30 | 1.13–4.67 | 0.021 |
Pharmacoprophylaxis | 2.11 | 0.95–4.71 | 0.067 |
Major bleeding | |||
Age (each year increase) | 1.02 | 1.00–1.05 | 0.049 |
ASA ≥ 4 | 4.23 | 1.65–10.90 | 0.003 |
All-cause mortality | |||
Chronic kidney disease | 8.89 | 2.89–27.38 | <0.001 |
Cancer disease | 6.11 | 2.32–16.07 | <0.001 |
Head injury | 4.27 | 1.75–10.44 | <0.001 |
Duration of surgery ≥ 45 min | 0.23 | 0.08–0.63 | 0.004 |
Transfusion during surgery | 2.69 | 1.26–5.74 | 0.017 |
Postoperative paraparesis/paralysis | 5.55 | 2.64–11.66 | <0.001 |
Any bleeding | 2.23 | 1.09–4.59 | 0.029 |
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Ponsumritchok, P.; Chaijaroen, P.; Ayurag, T.; Siritikul, N.; Niprapan, P.; Hantrakun, N.; Vongsfak, J.; Chai-Adisaksopha, C. Three-Month Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients Who Underwent Neurological Surgeries. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 552. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14020552
Ponsumritchok P, Chaijaroen P, Ayurag T, Siritikul N, Niprapan P, Hantrakun N, Vongsfak J, Chai-Adisaksopha C. Three-Month Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients Who Underwent Neurological Surgeries. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(2):552. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14020552
Chicago/Turabian StylePonsumritchok, Petnumnueng, Praepattra Chaijaroen, Tin Ayurag, Nattaphan Siritikul, Piangrawee Niprapan, Nonthakorn Hantrakun, Jirapong Vongsfak, and Chatree Chai-Adisaksopha. 2025. "Three-Month Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients Who Underwent Neurological Surgeries" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 2: 552. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14020552
APA StylePonsumritchok, P., Chaijaroen, P., Ayurag, T., Siritikul, N., Niprapan, P., Hantrakun, N., Vongsfak, J., & Chai-Adisaksopha, C. (2025). Three-Month Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients Who Underwent Neurological Surgeries. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(2), 552. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14020552