Multiple Drug Intolerance Syndrome and Arterial Hypertension—Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Process
- Full-text original study assessing both drug intolerance and hypertension.
- Human subjects.
- At least 18 years of age.
- Outcomes include MDIS prevalence, type of adverse events or hypertension control.
- Other publication types (i.e., meta-analyses, reviews, case reports, conference reports).
- Specific drug trials.
2.3. Data Extraction
2.4. Quality Assessment
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Studies Characteristics
3.2. MDIS Prevalence
3.3. Adverse Drug Reactions Prevalence
3.4. MDIS Risk Factors
3.5. Hypertension Control
3.6. Intolerated Drugs
4. Discussion
4.1. Definitions of MDIS
4.2. Prevalence of MDIS
4.3. Adverse Drug Reactions
4.4. MDIS Risk Factors
4.5. Hypertension Control
4.6. Intolerated Drugs
4.7. Clinical Implications
4.8. Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACE-I | Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors |
ADR | Adverse drug reactions |
ARB | Angiotensin receptor blockers |
BB | Beta-blockers |
CCB | Calcium channel blockers |
CI | Confidence interval |
CVD | Cardiovascular diseases |
DBP | Diastolic blood pressure |
ESC | European Society of Cardiology |
GERD | Gastroesophageal reflux disease |
MDIS | Multiple drug intolerance syndrome |
PRISMA | Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses |
SBP | Systolic blood pressure |
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First Author | Year | Country | Study Design | Number of Patients | Number of Patients with MDIS | Number of Patients Without MDIS | Number of Patients with Single Drug Intolerance | MDIS Definition Included in the Study |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Okeahialam | 2017 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional study | 489 | 15 | 474 | - | Intolerance to ≥3 drugs with no clear immunological mechanism |
Polaczyk | 2023 | Poland | Cross-sectional study | 1000 | 80 | 920 | 320 | ADRs to ≥3 different classes of drugs |
Davies | 2003 | United Kingdom | Case–control study | 233 | 66 | 167 | 52 | Intolerance to 2 or more antihypertension drugs |
Antoniou | 2016 | United Kingdom | Case–control study | 786 | 79 | 707 | - | ADRs to ≥3 drugs of any class without a known immunological mechanism |
ADR | Pooled Prevalence [%] | 95% CI for Pooled Prevalence | I2 [%] |
---|---|---|---|
Electrocyte imbalance | 2.50 | 0.04–7.39 | Only one study with this ADR |
Hypotension | 30.00 | 20.4–40.55 | Only one study with this ADR |
Cough | 33.94 | 8.73–64.44 | 91.42 |
Edema | 38.86 | 2.95–82.45 | 95.62 |
Bradycardia | 11.25 | 5.12–19.23 | Only one study with this ADR |
Skin lesions | 36.71 | 11.04–66.57 | 91.09 |
Gastrointestinal disorders | 26.25 | 19.74–33.32 | 0 |
Allergic reactions | 66.25 | 55.47–76.25 | Only one study with this ADR |
Bleeding | 5.00 | 1.1–11.08 | Only one study with this ADR |
Abnormal laboratory tests results | 1.80 | 0–5.29 | Only one study with this ADR |
Muscular pain | 4.51 | 1.09–9.77 | 0 |
Headache | 71.47 | 56.5–84.44 | 32.51 |
Vasomotor reactions | 26.26 | 0–70.24 | 89.42 |
Palpitations | 18.77 | 2.23–43.5 | 71.05 |
Sore or dry mouth/throat | 7.58 | 2.2–15.42 | Only one study with this ADR |
Tiredness | 37.11 | 0–100 | 95.67 |
Wheeze | 16.57 | 6.11–30.41 | 36.37 |
Dyspnea | 12.13 | 5.19–21.25 | Only one study with this ADR |
Sleep disturbances | 7.64 | 2.58–14.81 | 2.51 |
Urinary frequency | 15.16 | 7.38–24.94 | Only one study with this ADR |
Gout | 12.13 | 5.19–21.25 | Only one study with this outcome |
Impotence | 4.55 | 0.58–11.21 | Only one study with this ADR |
Gynecomastia | 3.04 | 0.05–8.92 | Only one study with this ADR |
Dizziness | 16.26 | 4.72–32.19 | 47.35 |
Bad feeling | 59.98 | 33.86–83.65 | Only one study with this ADR |
Pain (other than headache) | 53.08 | 0–100 | 98.46 |
Tinnitus | 20.06 | 3.05–44.62 | Only one study with this ADR |
Risk Factor | OR or Difference (Non-MDIS vs. MDIS) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Okeahialam | Polaczyk | Antoniou | Davies | |
Female sex | 55% vs. 67% | OR = 2.05 * | 13% vs. 40% * | 50% vs. 67% * |
Older age | - | OR = 1.00 | 47 vs. 66 years * | 59 vs. 64 years * |
Disease duration | - | Median: 10 vs. 15 years * | - | - |
Gastrointestinal tract diseases | - | OR = 2.33 * | GERD: 42% vs. 10% | - |
Psychiatric diseases | - | OR = 1.46 | Anxiety disorders: 3% vs. 16% | in text |
Rheumatoid diseases | - | OR = 3.14 * | - | - |
Endocrine diseases | - | OR = 2.09 * | - | - |
Respiratory system diseases | - | OR = 2.14 * | - | - |
Drug Class | Okeahialam | Polaczyk |
---|---|---|
ACE-I | 33.33% | 20.00% |
BB | 73.33% | 8.75% |
ARB | 60.00% | 8.75% |
CCB | 73.33% | 15.00% |
Diuretics | 80.00% | 8.75% |
Antiplatelets | NR | 12.5% |
Anticoagulants | NR | 3.75% |
Statins | NR | 8.75% |
Antibiotics | NR | 46.25% |
Analgesics | 46.67% | 43.75% |
Dihydroergotoxine | 13.33% | NR |
Reserpine | 13.33% | NR |
Alpha blocker | 6.67% | NR |
Methyldopa | 13.33% | NR |
MRA | 6.67% | NR |
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Rusinek, J.; Tyjas, K.; Ziółek, W.; Rajzer, M.; Stolarz-Skrzypek, K. Multiple Drug Intolerance Syndrome and Arterial Hypertension—Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 6218. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176218
Rusinek J, Tyjas K, Ziółek W, Rajzer M, Stolarz-Skrzypek K. Multiple Drug Intolerance Syndrome and Arterial Hypertension—Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(17):6218. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176218
Chicago/Turabian StyleRusinek, Jakub, Kinga Tyjas, Wiktoria Ziółek, Marek Rajzer, and Katarzyna Stolarz-Skrzypek. 2025. "Multiple Drug Intolerance Syndrome and Arterial Hypertension—Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 17: 6218. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176218
APA StyleRusinek, J., Tyjas, K., Ziółek, W., Rajzer, M., & Stolarz-Skrzypek, K. (2025). Multiple Drug Intolerance Syndrome and Arterial Hypertension—Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(17), 6218. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176218