Postoperative Recovery of Balance Function in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A 12-Month Longitudinal Study Using the Brief BESTest and Its Association with Patient-Reported Outcomes
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patient and Surgical Factors
2.2. Brief Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest)
2.3. Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)
2.4. Modified Falls Efficacy Scale (MFES)
2.5. Zurich Claudication Questionnaire (ZCQ)
2.6. Pain Assessment
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Patient and Surgical Factors
3.2. Changes in Brief BESTest
3.3. Changes in ODI
3.4. Changes in MFES
3.5. Changes in ZCQ
3.6. Changes in Pain and Numbness
3.7. Correlation Between Brief BESTest and Patient-Reported Outcome Measures
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Domain No. | Domain Name | Task Description |
---|---|---|
(I) | Biomechanical constraints | Hip/trunk lateral strength |
(II) | Stability limits | Functional reach forward |
(III) | Anticipatory postural adjustments | Stand on one leg (left and right) |
(IV) | Postural responses | Compensatory stepping correction, lateral (left and right) |
(V) | Sensory orientation | Stance on foam, eyes closed |
(VI) | Stability in gait | Timed “Get Up and Go” test |
Mean ± SD; n | |
---|---|
Age (years) | 74.9 ± 6.9 |
Sex | |
Male | 60 |
Female | 41 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 24.6 ± 3.4 |
Surgical Type | |
Decompression | 64 |
Fusion | 37 |
Surgical segment | |
1 | 65 |
≥2 | 36 |
Surgical levels | |
L1/2 | 2 |
L2/3 | 8 |
L3/4 | 33 |
L4/5 | 79 |
L5/S | 14 |
Operative time (min) | 112.7 ± 45.9 |
Blood loss (mL) | 120.8 ± 121.4 |
Pre-Op | 6 M Post-Op | 12 M Post-Op | |
---|---|---|---|
Brief BESTest (Total Score) | 13.3 ± 5.3 | 16.1 ± 5.1 ** | 16.0 ± 5.1 ** |
I. Biomechanical constraints (pt) | 1.3 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 1.1 ** | 1.6 ± 1.2 * |
II. Stability limits (pt) | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.4 |
III. Anticipatory postural adjustments (pt) | 3.5 ± 2.1 | 4.6 ± 1.6 ** | 4.4 ± 1.8 * |
IV. Postural responses (pt) | 2.8 ± 1.7 | 3.4 ± 1.7 ** | 3.2 ± 1.8 * |
V. Sensory orientation (pt) | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 2.0 ± 1.0 ** |
VI. Stability in gait (pt) | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 0.6 ** | 2.7 ± 0.5 ** |
LBP VAS (0–100) | 36.3 ± 30.1 | 17.5 ± 23.1 ** | 19.2 ± 23.6 ** |
LLP VAS (0–100) | 50.5 ± 30.1 | 21.9 ± 26.6 ** | 24.0 ± 29.2 ** |
LLN VAS (0–100) | 45.3 ± 33.2 | 18.7 ± 26.3 ** | 25.8 ± 32.3 ** |
MFES (pt) | 97.8 ± 32.6 | 115.6 ± 28.8 ** | 115.9 ± 27.1 ** |
ODI (%) | 42.2 ± 15.9 | 19.9 ± 17.6 ** | 23.1 ± 17.5 ** |
ZCQ SSS (pt) | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 0.7 ** | 2.3 ± 1.3 ** |
ZCQ PFS (pt) | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 1.8 ± 0.6 ** | 1.8 ± 0.6 ** |
ZCQ SFS (pt) | NA | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.8 |
Time Point | Outcome Measure | Spearman’s ρ | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Preoperative | MFES | 0.439 | <0.001 |
ODI | −0.301 | 0.163 | |
ZCQ SSS | −0.172 | 0.153 | |
ZCQ PFS | −0.419 | <0.001 | |
LBP VAS | −0.012 | 0.906 | |
LLP VAS | −0.141 | 0.172 | |
LLN VAS | 0.013 | 0.902 | |
6 months postoperatively | MFES | 0.409 | <0.001 |
ODI | −0.336 | 0.126 | |
ZCQ SSS | −0.346 | 0.014 | |
ZCQ PFS | −0.313 | 0.025 | |
ZCQ SFS | −0.409 | 0.004 | |
LBP VAS | −0.299 | 0.010 | |
LLP VAS | −0.202 | 0.086 | |
LLN VAS | −0.228 | 0.053 | |
12 months postoperatively | MFES | 0.451 | <0.001 |
ODI | −0.442 | 0.027 | |
ZCQ SSS | −0.481 | <0.001 | |
ZCQ PFS | −0.295 | 0.013 | |
ZCQ SFS | −0.299 | 0.013 | |
LBP VAS | −0.331 | <0.001 | |
LLP VAS | −0.275 | 0.006 | |
LLN VAS | −0.206 | 0.042 |
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Sakaguchi, T.; Tanaka, M.; Arataki, S.; Komatsubara, T.; Miyamoto, A.; Borde, M.; Arvind, U.; Takamatsu, K.; Yasuda, Y.; Doană-Prodan, A.; et al. Postoperative Recovery of Balance Function in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A 12-Month Longitudinal Study Using the Brief BESTest and Its Association with Patient-Reported Outcomes. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 5520. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155520
Sakaguchi T, Tanaka M, Arataki S, Komatsubara T, Miyamoto A, Borde M, Arvind U, Takamatsu K, Yasuda Y, Doană-Prodan A, et al. Postoperative Recovery of Balance Function in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A 12-Month Longitudinal Study Using the Brief BESTest and Its Association with Patient-Reported Outcomes. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(15):5520. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155520
Chicago/Turabian StyleSakaguchi, Tomoyoshi, Masato Tanaka, Shinya Arataki, Tadashi Komatsubara, Akiyoshi Miyamoto, Mandar Borde, Umarani Arvind, Kazuhiko Takamatsu, Yosuke Yasuda, Adrian Doană-Prodan, and et al. 2025. "Postoperative Recovery of Balance Function in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A 12-Month Longitudinal Study Using the Brief BESTest and Its Association with Patient-Reported Outcomes" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 15: 5520. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155520
APA StyleSakaguchi, T., Tanaka, M., Arataki, S., Komatsubara, T., Miyamoto, A., Borde, M., Arvind, U., Takamatsu, K., Yasuda, Y., Doană-Prodan, A., & Ishihara, K. (2025). Postoperative Recovery of Balance Function in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A 12-Month Longitudinal Study Using the Brief BESTest and Its Association with Patient-Reported Outcomes. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(15), 5520. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155520